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The Indian Stream Republic ^^^54

AND

Luther Parker

GRANT SHOWERMAN, Ph.D.

Professor in the University of Wisconsin

concord, n. h.

New Hampshire Historical Society

1915

V-"

COLLECTIONS

OF THE

New Hampshire Historical
Society

VOLUME ELEVEN

Edited bt

OTIS GRANT HAMMOND. M.A.

Superintendent of the Society

concord, n. h.
New Hampshibe Historical Society
1915

The greater number of the settlers who occupied the
lands of southeastern Wisconsin during the years im-
mediately preceding the sale of 1839 were of New York
and New England origin. The biography of one of
them, Luther Parker, may lay claim to a special inter-
est as illustrating the conditions of pioneer life, not
only in Wisconsin but also in New Hampshire, where,
before his migration to the West and participation in
the building of the new commonwealth, he was actively
concerned in one of the most interesting experiments
in the history of American democracy, as well as in a
border trouble which at one time threatened to result
in complications between the United States and Great
Britain.

CONTENTS

PART ONE

Page

The Indian Stbeam Repubuc 3-128

Chapter 1. Ancestry and Early Years of Luther

Parker 3

Chapter 2. Indian Stream 8

Chapter 3. The Settling of Indian Stream 21

Chapter 4. Indian Stream Proprietary Administra-
tion 30

Chapter 5. The Indian Stream Democracy 36

Chapter 6. The Parkers at Indian Stream 40

Chapter 7. Indian Stream Territory, U. S. A 48

Chapter 8. The Indian Stream Constitution 57

Chapter 9. The Assembly of 1832 68

Chapter 10. The Assembly of 1833 75

Chapter 11. The Assembly of 1834 79

Chapter 12. The Assembly of 1835 88

Chapter 13. Rival Claims to Indian Stream 93

Chapter 14, The Indian Stream War 102

Chapter 15. The Wisconsin Pioneer 112

Chapter 16. The Territorial Legislature of 1846 ... 118

Chapter 17. The Last Years 125

PART TWO

Ellen Parker's Journal 130-162

PART THREE

Report of the Indian Stream Commissioners, 1836 .... 163-250

Joint Resolution of the New Haaipshire Legislature 165

Report of the Commissioners 167

Letters: Hon. Isaac Hill to Hon. John Forsyth 176

Hon. Isaac Hill to Hon. John Forsyth 177

Hon. John Forsyth to Hon. Isaac Hill 177

Hon. John Forsyth to Gov. Badger 178

Lord Gosford to Mr. Bankhead 179

VI CONTENTS

Page

Report of Canadian Commissioners 183

Letters: Hon. William Badger to John P. Hale 188

E. H. Mahurin to Gen. Joseph Low 188

Deposition of Ephraim H. Mahtjrin 190

Ira Young 193

James M. Hilliard 196

John Hughes 198

Rurus Brockway 199

Luther Fuller 202

Luther Fuller 203

Jesse Carr 205

Ebenezer Fletcher '. 206

Gideon Tirrell 207

David Kent 209

Samuel Danforth 210

John Harriman 210

Nathaniel Perkins 213

Horace Loomis 215

Francis Wilson 217

Hezekiah Parsons 217

Ira Young 218

William M. Smith 220

Milton Harvey 223

Richard I. Blanchard 224

Miles Hurlburt 226

Ephraim C. Aldrich 231

James M. Hilliard 233

Josiah Parmelee 235

James Mooney 236

James M. Jewett 239

Hiram A. Fletcher 240

Archelaus Cummings, Jr 244

Joseph Wiswell 246

Ephraim H. Mahurin 248

Benjamin Applebee 250

PART ONE

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC AND
LUTHER PARKER

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

AND

LUTHER PARKER

New Hampshire and Wisconsin Pioneer

CHAPTER 1

Ancestry and Early Years

Luther Parker, the first white man to become per-
manently domiciled within the limits of the present
township of Muskego, Waukesha county, Wiscon-
sin, was born at Temple, Hillsborough county, New
Hampshire, near the Massachusetts line, on December
18, 1800, of Joshua Parker and Polly Taylor Parker,
natives of Redding, Massachusetts, about ten miles
north of Boston, and now called Wakefield. He was
one of five brothers.

The Luther Parker ancestry in America begins with
Thomas Parker, born in England in 1609, who sailed
from London on March 11, 1635, in the expedition of
the ships Suzan and Ellin, fitted out by Sir Richard
Saltonstall, and landed at Lynn, Massachusetts. The
Lynn annals record his coming: "1635. Came this
year, Thomas Parker, a farmer, who embarked at
London, March 11, 1635. "i

Thomas Parker resided for several years at Lynn,
the owner of forty acres of land, and in 1639 moved to
Lynn Village, later called Redding (1644), still later
South Redding (1812), and finally Wakefield (1868).
Here he became deacon of the Redding church, which
was built about 1644, its first minister being ordained

4 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

November 5, 1645, was selectman in 1661 and for some
time afterward, and died on August 12, 1683, possessed
of an extensive landed property. His wife Amy, to
whom he was united about Christmas of 1635, died on
January 15, 1690. The gravestone of Thomas Parker
is still to be seen in the lower end of the old cemetery
at Wakefield, where it was placed, with many others
of its time, after their discovery during an excavation in
1834. It is of a hard, slate-colored material, with
inscription unimpaired and plainly legible.^

The sons and daughters of Thomas and Amy Parker
were ten: Thomas (Lynn, 1636-July 17, 1699); Han-
aniah (Lynn, 1638-March 10, 1724), who married Eliz-
abeth Browne of Redding on September 30, 1663, and
was ancestor of Captain John Parker of Lexington and
the Reverend Theodore Parker; John (1) (Redding,
1640-1698), a sergeant, ancestor of Luther Parker;
Joseph (1642-1644); Joseph (1645-1646); Mary (De-
cember 12, 1647-1705), who married Samuel Dodge
and was the mother of eleven children ; Martha (March
14, 1649-1651); Nathaniel (May 16, 1651), who mar-
ried Bethia Polly September 24, 1677, and had thirteen
children; Sarah (September 30, 1653-October 26, 1656);
Jonathan (May 18, 1656-June 10, 1680), who served
in the Indian wars; Sarah (May 23, 1658). The cus-
tom of giving a succeeding son or daughter the name
of a deceased child may be noted here.^

The sons and daughters of John Parker (l) were four-
teen, nine by his union with Hannah Kendall (1650-
August 8, 1689), to whom he was married on Novem-
ber 13, 1667, and five by a second union: John (2)
(December 16, 1668- January 11, 1740), ancestor of
Luther; Thomas (1670-1689); Hannah (1672-1689);
Rebecca (1675-1680); Kendall (1677); Abigail (1679-
before 1688); Jonathan (1681); David (1686); Abigail

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 5

(1688); Hananiah (1691); Rebecca (1693); Thomas
(1695) ; Elizabeth (1698) ; Mary. John Parker (l) died
in 1698/

The sons and daughters of John Parker (2) and EHza-
beth Goodwin (1673-May 11, 1731) were twelve:
Elizabeth (1695-1703); John (1697-before 1701); Abi-
gail (1699); John (1701); Benjamin (April 9, 1703),
great-grandfather of Luther; Elizabeth (1704-before
1706); Ehzabeth (1706); Lillie; Joseph (1707-before
1711); Mary (1710); Joseph (1711); Thomas (1716),
who moved to Bennington. John Parker (2) died on
January 11, 1740.

The sons and daughters of Benjamin Parker were
eleven, eight by his marriage with Sarah Foster
(October 16, 1701-1741, married in 1726), and three
by a second marriage: Benjamin (1727); Sarah (1728);
Phoebe (1730); Elizabeth (1731); Reuben (1732);
William (1735); Lydia (1736); Asa (May 24, 1740-
August 23, 1809), grandfather of Luther; Ehsha (1749);
Elisha; Simeon (1752). Asa Parker, who lived at
Redding, was active in the events of April 19, 1775,
the day that Captain John Parker of Lexington said:
"Don't fire unless fired upon; but if they want a war,
let it begin here!" Their great-grandfathers were
identical. Deacon Thomas Parker, of Redding.

The sons and daughters of Asa Parker and Hephzibah
Nichols (married 1762; Asa died August 18, 1831) were
ten: Hephzibah (April 7, 1767), who married Jonathan
Temple; Elizabeth (August 25, 1769), who married
Simeon Batchelder; Asa (February 20, 1770), who
married Emma Eames; Rebecca (April 18, 1772),
who married John Harnden; Joshua (May 15, 1774-
June, 1855), father of Luther; Loa (April 29, 1777);
Lucy (November 2, 1779); Loa (April 8, 1782), who
married Anna Bancroft; Levi (April 30, 1784), who

6 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

married Polly Nichols in 1805; Lucinda (July 17, 1786),
who married Samuel Pratt.

Joshua Parker and Polly Taylor (born November
11, 1774) were married in Redding on November 13,
1796, by Peter Sanborn. Their sons were five: Joshua
(February 16, 1798-July, 1878), who enlisted in the
War of 1812; Luther (December 18, 1800-June 15,
1853), the subject of this biography; Ebenezer (October
19, 1804-February 3, 1805); Edwin (June 30, 1807-
July 7, 1830); Asa (September 17, 1810-May 22, 1895).
Between February 16, 1798, the date of Joshua's birth,
and December 18, when Luther was born, the Parker
family moved from Redding, Massachusetts, to Temple,
New Hampshire. Joshua Parker's death occurred at
Temple in June, 1855, and that of his wife in September,
1856.

Luther Parker received his early education in the
common school at Temple. Other than that there is
no information regarding his boyhood.

About the year 1816 he went to Stoneham, Massa-
chusetts, near his father's former home, and learned the
shoemaker's trade, being apprenticed in one of the
numerous shops of that time, when nearly every
farmer kept a shop where he spent the spare hours of
the winter months and other periods of farm inactivity.
Not content with the prospect of following this occu-
pation through life, he returned to Temple and at-
tended the academy at New Ipswich, not far distant.
On the completion of his studies there he taught dis-
trict school in the neighborhood of Albany, New York.^

In 1825 and 1826 Luther Parker taught school at
Stratford, New Hampshire, somewhat south of Cole-
brook, Coos county, on the Connecticut river, nearly
opposite and not far from Brunswick, Vermont. Here
he met Alletta French, one of the ten children of
Thomas Giles French of Brunswick. She was born on

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 7

June 11, 1803, and had lived since her eighth or tenth
year with the family of Squire Baldwin in Stratford,
and was a pupil in the Stratford school when Luther
Parker became its master.^

Luther Parker and Alletta French were married at
Stratford on the 18th of February, 1827, and in the
same year, probably soon after their union, settled on
land in what was then usually known as the Indian
Stream country. Here they remained until the spring
of 1836.

NOTES

1 Genealogical and Biographical Notes of John Parker of Lexing-
ton and his Descendants, showing his earlier ancestry in America
from Dea. Thomas Parker, of Reading, Massachusetts, from 1635
to 1893. By Theodore Parker, a descendant in the 9th generation
from Deacon Thomas Parker. Worcester, Mass. Press of Charles
Hamilton. 1893. Pp. 21-22.

2 Ibid., pp. 22-29.

3 Ibid., 29-30. TNTiere a single date occurs, the date of death
is unknown.

* For most of the genealogical detail from this point to the con-
clusion of the chapter I am indebted to Lincoln H. Parker, of Duluth,
Minn., grandson of Luther Parker. His sources were family notes
collected by his father and grandfather, compared with the above
book on John Parker of Lexington, and Lilley Eaton's Genealog-
ical History of the Town of Reading, Mass.

^ The details of Luther Parker's life have been in great part sup-
plied me by his son, Hon. Charles D. Parker of River Falls, Wis-
consin, who was born at Indian Stream December 27, 1827, and
lived there until Ins ninth year.

* The French genealog3% as compiled by Mattie French of
Kenosha, Wisconsin, and accepted by the D. A. R., 1812, and
Patriots and Founders, shows Alletta French's descent as follows:
John French (1), of Essex County, England, settled in Dorchester,
Mass., in 1630, removed to Braintree in or after 1643, died Aug. 6,
1699; John French (2), born Feb. 28, 1641, married Experience
Haynes; John French (3), born April 16, 1669, removed to Mendon,
Mass.; John French (4), born Mar. 14 (June 25?), 1728, married
Anna Haynes in 1754, removed to Maidstone, Vt., died April 18,
1781; Thomas Giles French, born at Mendon, Mass., July 12, 1773;
Alletta, Thomas Giles, Alvin, etc., of Brunswick, Vt.

CHAPTER 2
Indian Stream

The history of Luther Parker from 1827 to 1836 is so
intimately connected with that of the Indian Stream
country that both may be blended into a single narra-
tive.

Indian Stream, Indian Stream Settlement, Indian
Stream Territory, Township of Indian Village, Town-
ship of Liberty in Indian Stream, Indian Grant, Bedel's
Grant, Bedel's and Others' Grant, Bedel's and Asso-
ciates' Grant are all names which were applied to a
tract of land situated in what is now the extreme
northern portion of Coos county, the northernmost
county of New Hampshire. From the treaty of Paris
in 1783 to the Ashburton treaty in 1842, when it was
definitely assigned to the United States, its status was
ambiguous, both Canada and New Hampshire from
time to time asserting a right to it, though rarely with
enough emphasis to cause serious trouble.

The bounds of the tract were the Connecticut river
and the three Connecticut lakes on the south and east,
the highlands between the Atlantic and St. Lawrence
systems on the northeast and north, and Hall's Stream
on the northwest and west. Through the midst of the
territory thus enclosed, from northeast to southwest,
parallel to Hall's Stream and roughly parallel to the
Connecticut river, flows Indian Stream, a tributary of
the latter, which joins it some four miles above the
mouth of Hall's Stream, itself another tributary. The
district is almost identical with the present township
of Pittsburg, Coos county, and is described in a pro-
prietor's document of October 25, 1819, as "supposed

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 9

to contain one hundred and sixty thousand acres. "^ In
a deed of April 5, 1803, it is referred to as "a certain
tract or parcel of land situated in the township of
Indian Village (so-called) in the county of Graf ton. ^
The county of Coos was erected out of the county of
Grafton by act of legislature on December 24, 1803.^

The physical character of that part of the Indian
Stream country which most concerns us may be, at
least in part, appreciated from the following description :
"Connecticut lake, chief of the river's headwaters, lies
sixteen hundred and eighteen feet above sea-level.
Picturesquely irregular in outline, its shores in large
part with forest fringes broken by green intervals, it is
a handsome lake of fine proportions, as becomes a pro-
genitor of so fair a stream. It extends four miles in
length, has a breadth at its widest of two and three-
quarters miles, and contains nearly three square miles.
The neighboring hills are thick with deciduous trees,
particularly the maple, mingled with the spruce and fir.
In the autumn, while the trees are aglow with their
rich tints, the heights are often white from the frozen
mist that clings to the spears of the evergreen foli-
age. . . . Now full-formed the river emerges from
the rocky outlet of this limpid basin, falling abruptly
about thirty-seven feet. For the first two and a half
miles of its course it is almost a continual rapid, aver-
aging perhaps ten rods in breadth. Then it drops into
a more tranquil mood and glides along for some four
miles, winding west and southwest. Then, and with a
sweeping bend in the upper part of the township of
Stewartstown . . . receiving along the way two fair-
sized tributaries and lesser streams, it flows again more
rapidly to the meeting of the bounds of New Hampshire,
Vermont, and Canada. Here, joined by another tribu-
tary. Hall's Stream, which comes down from the north.

10 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

and makes the west bound of New Hampshire and
Canada, it swings into its long, serpentine course,
separating New Hampshire and Vermont, southward,
through romantic country. From Connecticut lake
to the meeting of the bounds, or, more exactly, to the
mouth of Hall's Stream at Canaan, Vermont, a distance
of about eighteen miles, its descent is set down as five
hundred and eighty -three feet."^

Because of its natural seclusion and its remoteness
from the white man's life, and because of danger from
the St. Francis Indians, who for a long time blocked all
attempts to penetrate even lower Coos county, the
Indian Stream country remained for many years
unnoticed, and probably undiscovered. Prior to 1760
there had been no English settlement in the Connecticut
valley above Charlestown, New Hampshire; but in 1761,
as a result of the discipline of the native inhabitants in
the French and Indian war, and because of the in-
creased knowledge of the valley's attractiveness acquired
in the frequent military expeditions, there was a surging
of settlers upstream, and the settlement of Haverhill
was begun. ^

It was nearly thirty years afterward, however, that
white men first began to know Indian Stream. In
1785 Luther Fuller "hunted in Indian Stream Territory
for Major Whitcomb." ^^ In 1787 the region was
visited by a party of Canadian surveyors, ^^ and in
1789 Colonel Jeremiah Fames and others also sur-
vej'^ed the district for the United States government
in the attempt to fix the boundary line between Canada
and New Hampshire, as contemplated by the treaty
of 1783.6

In the year 1789 there also visited the Indian
Stream country two hunters and prospectors, whose
short autumn sojourn so impressed them with the
richness and charm of the region that it was fruitful in

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 11

consequences. They were David Gibbs of the Haver-
hill just mentioned, and Nathaniel Wales of Lisbon.
They found abundant game and good fishing in the
picturesque, well- watered, forest-clad country, and
noted the intervals and the rich though limited bottom
lands on the Connecticut river and lake and Indian
Stream. The Indians not proving troublesome, they
returned the following year with a small company of
friends, and twelve or fifteen "pitches" were made.
At the approach of winter, however, they are said to
have withdrawn, and the valley remained unsettled by
white men, and, except for hunters and trappers,
un visited.'

The history of real settlement at Indian Stream
begins in 1796. During that year Chief Philip, of the
St. Francis tribe, gave to David Gibbs, Nathaniel
Wales, and Moody Bedel a deed to large tracts of land
which included Indian Stream, a deed which was exe-
cuted on June 30, and on November 22 received for
record at the Grafton county office.^ Reference to
this instrument is contained in the deed of Natlianiel
Wales to Hobart Spencer, executed November 1, 1802:
"Know all men by these presents that I, Nath' Wales,
of Wales location so-called in the County of Grafton
and State of New Hampshire, Col. Moody Bedel of the
same County and State, and David Gibbs of the
Province of Quebec, did purchase of the St. Francis
tribe or nation of Indians a certain tract or parcel of
land situate as follows : lying north of Great Ammonoo-
sack River so-called, emptying into Connecticut River
east of said Connecticut River, west of Province of
Maine, warranting and defending the same to us the
said Wales, Bedel, and Gibbs, having received of
Hobart Spencer of Indian Stream so-called three thou-
sand dollars to my full satisfaction, do give, grant, bar-
gain, sell, confirm to him the said Hobart Spencer, his

12 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

heirs and assigns, sixteen thousand acres of land, being
part of my share of land purchased in joint partnership
with the abovesaid Bedel, Wales, and Gibbs, said land
lying in common and undivided equal in quantity with
the whole of said land purchased as is above mentioned."®
The deed of Philip contained provision for perpetual
hunting and fishing rights to its giver, and for the right
to plant four bushels of corn and beans. ^°

This deed was the basis of subsequent transfers of
landed property in the Indian Stream country up to
1824 — transfers which began at least as early as
November 1, 1802, and for a period of twenty years
or more were usually in terms of " common and undivided
land belonging to said grant, with the proprietors' right
of pitching each and every hundred acres of said land
by complying with the rules and regulations and votes
of said proprietors as recorded in the clerk's ofiice." ^^

The settlement of the country proceeded slowly at
first. Some little light may be thrown upon it, upon
the personnel of the pioneers, and upon the composition
and activities of the proprietors' association, by a
review of the transfers of land during the earlier years
of Indian Stream history.

Let us look, first, at the interest of Nathaniel Wales,
one of the triumvirate who acquired title to Indian
Stream from Philip. On November 1, 1802, he deeded
to Hobart Spencer of Indian Stream, for $3,000, sixteen
thousand acres of common and undivided land;^^ on
June 21, 1804, to Thomas Cutts of York county,
Massachusetts, for $4,074.41, thirty thousand acres of
common and undivided land;^^ on March 18, 1806, to
Enoch Emery of Conway or Bartlett, for $100, one hun-
dred acres on the east side of Indian Stream;^* on a
date uncertain, to James Treadway, a quantity uncer-
tain.^^ As James Treadway deeded land to John Rowe
on October 9, 1811, and as John Rowe disposes of a

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 13

number of holdings during the years 1811-1813, aggre-
gating about four thousand acres, exclusive of a half
interest in a certain tract of dimensions, it seems likely
that the Tread way purchase was a large one.^^

Further, the following transfers of the original Wales
lands by the hands of their purchasers are recorded:
on April 5, 1803, Hobart Spencer deeded to Joseph
Spencer of Waterford, Caledonia county, Vermont,
for $1,000, a thousand acres of common and undivided
land;^^ on April 5, 1804, to David Barnett of Topsham,
Orange county, Vermont, for $1,900, eleven thousand
acres of common and undivided land.^^ Joseph Spen-
cer disposed of his thousand acres on June 4, 1812, to
Dudley Carleton of Newbury, Orange county, Ver-
mont, for the same price he paid to Hobart Spencer.^*
John Rowe's transfers are numerous: on May 11, 1811,
to Anna and Pheobe Currier of Indian Stream, for $110,
a quantity of land unknown ;2'' on September 10, 1811,
to Nathaniel Perkins of Concord, now Lisbon, Grafton
county. New Hampshire, for $200, two hundred acres
of common and undivided land;^^ on October 21, 1811,
to Nathan Judd of Concord, or Lisbon, for $100, one
hundred acres of common and undivided land;'^ on
October 24, 1811, to Nathan Judd, for a price not
stated, two hundred acres of common and undivided
land;23 on November 12, 1811, to Nathaniel Perkins,
for $50, one hundred acres of common and undivided
land, and for $1,000, one thousand acres at the mouth
of Indian Stream, which he calls the Nathaniel Wales
farm, acquired by deed of Nathan Beecher(?);-^ on
November 16, 1811, to Nathaniel Perkins, for $50, two
hundred acres of common and undivided land, and to
William Quimby of Concord, or Lisbon, for $150, four
hundred acres of common and undivided land;^^ on June
13, 1812, to Ebenezer Fletcher of Charlestown, Cheshire
county. New Hampshire, for $275, two thousand two

14 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

hundred acres of common and undivided land;^^ on
February 7, 1813, to John Haynes of Indian Stream,
for a price not recorded, one hundred acres opposite
the mouth of Indian Stream;" on February 22, 1813,
to William Quimby and Nathaniel Perkins, for $50,
"one half of a certain tract or parcel of land (except
what I have conveyed by deed prior to this convey-
ance of this deed) lying on Connecticut river on one
side and Canada line on the other side, it being the
parcel or tract of land I hold by a deed from James
Treadway dated the ninth of October, 1811; reference
to be had to the above deed (also to the deed executed
from Nathaniel Wales to the said James Treadway) for
further description of the boundaries. "^^

David Gibbs, another of the three original proprie-
tors, deeded as follows: on September 18, 1811, to
David Hill of Waterford, Caledonia county, Vermont,
for $100, one hundred acres of common and undivided
land, and to David Tyler of Liberty the same;^^ on
June 27, 1814, to Abraham Turner of Warwick county,
province of Lower Canada, for $500, one thousand
acres of common and undivided land;^'^ on September
12, 1817, to John Haynes of Indian Stream, for $1,000.
one thousand acres of common and undivided land;^^ on
June 25, 1821, to John Haynes, for $500, an equal
amount of the same.^^

The disposition of the Gibbs and Wales interests
as above recorded may be represented by the diagram
on the following page.

There were many other transfers of land which took
place prior to 1820, the connection of which with the
original grantees of 1796 is not perfectly traceable, but
which are parts of the original Wales holding. ^^ On
July 1, 1804, James Ladd of Indian Stream deeded to
Samuel Osborne of Canaan, Vermont, for $500, eighty-
five acres at the mouth of Indian Stream, and one

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

• ' Af/teo.

T?iili/l. /?9(,.

TttirC/r/V

Jtr ^,^„cb?r, TTirehnf it

<traj\.i txi.. ioaoa.. TjLj\d.ciTlaih.^a.lt.i
John m miohsn-ij 1-^, . , -

Tlaih.J'trJlin} -ioo a., ,

.TJlorriiorLlioa.. » . v

Wm. (Jwimiy too a-
3am. Olh^m I {■To.

S3 3}3//j.

JuT7f 2s;/ti/.
Jchn ?To.yJtc»

16 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

hundred acres of common and undivided land;^* on
January 6, 1808, to Betsey G. Ladd of Hereford,
Lower Canada, for $250, five hundred acres of common
and undivided land.^^ On August 28, 1809, Alexander
Plumley deeded to John Plumley, both of Indian
Stream, for $100, sixty acres on the east bank of
Indian Stream. ^^ On March 15, 1810, James Ladd,
then of Hereford, deeded to WilHam K. Smith of
Piermont, New Hampshire, for $750, one thousand
acres (ten lots) of common and undivided land;" on
September 21, 1811, to David Tyler of Liberty (Indian
Stream), for $30, sixty acres of common and undivided
land;^^ on October 14, 1811, to Royal Gage of St.
Johnsbury, Vermont, for $60, one hundred acres of
common and undivided land;^^ on November 7, 1811,
to Thomas Hill of Waterford, Caledonia county,
Vermont, for $100, two hundred acres of common and
undivided land.'"' On June 20, 1812, Nathaniel Bean
deeded to Sinclair Bean and Nathaniel Bean, Jr., all of
Indian Stream, for $200, a quantity not stated.'*^ On
September 24, 1812, James Ladd deeded to Thomas
Brigham of Liberty (leaf missing) ;^2 on the same date,
Thomas Brigham to John Haynes, for $150, one hun-
dred and thirty acres, being lot 12 of Ladd's survey;*^
on December 19, 1812, Thomas Brigham to Royal Gage,
for $50, one hundred acres of common and undivided
land; and to Thomas Hill, for $100, two hundred acres
of the same.^^

The transfers of 1813 to 1819 were as follows: on
March 20, 1813, John Plumley to John Haynes, both of
Indian Stream, for $162, sixty acres on the east bank
of Indian Stream, the same he had of Alexander Plum-
ley in 1809 ;*5 on September 16, 1813, Samuel and
Lydia Osborne of Indian Stream to James Heath of
Stewartstown, for $445, eighty-five acres at the mouth

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 17

of Indian Stream acquired of James Ladd;^*^ in Janu-
ary, 1815, Jesse Tyler of Colebrook to James Heath of
Liberty, for $250, the one hundred acres of the Tyler
pitch, and a fifty-acre gore bounded on the south by the
Connecticut river;*^ on February 18, 1815, James Ladd
to Mary Ladd, both of Hereford, Lower Canada, for
$500, five hundred acres of common and undivided
land;^^ on January 22, 1816, Nathaniel Tyler to Noah
Lyman, both of Columbia, Coos county, for $75, one
hundred and twenty-five acres of common and undi-
vided land;" on May 9, 1816, David Tyler to Abner
Hyland, both of Indian Stream, for $700, three hun-
dred and twenty-eight acres near the mouth of
Indian Stream;^" on June 13, 1816, Benjamin Spencer
of Colebrook to Noah Lyman of Columbia, for $200,
twelve hundred acres of common and undivided land;^^
on August 23, 1816, Noah Lyman to Daniel Barnes of
Southampton, Massachusetts, for $200, two hundred
acres of common and undivided land;^^ on March 13,
1817, Jeremiah Eames of Stewartstown to Noah Ly-
man, for $60, six hundred acres of common and undi-
vided land; ^^ on July 12, 1819, James Heath of Indian
Stream to Daniel Rogers of Newbury, Vermont, for
$500, eighty-five acres at the mouth of Indian Stream,
the same he had of Samuel and Lydia Osborne in
1813;^^ on August 1, 1819, Winslow Higgins of Water-
ford, Vermont, to James Heath, for $60, lot number 4<;^^
on September 9, 1819, Nathan L. Smith of Stratford,
Coos county, to Jeremiah and Thomas Tabor of
Bradford, Vermont, tor $700, land on the west bank of
Indian Stream;^^ on November 1, 1819, David Tyler to
John Haynes of Indian Stream, for $40, one hundred
acres (lot 9) earned by settler's duty, and sixty acres
adjoining, acquired from Ladd."

From the above and othei like data in the Indian

18 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Stream instruments it is possible to draw certain con-
conclusions regarding the history of the region. It is,
of course, apparent that not every person who bought
or sold land in the tract was a resident. David Barnett,
for example, purchased eleven thousand acres in 1804,
and in 1814 we find him giving power of attorney to
John McDuffee to use at a proprietors' meeting ap-
pointed for November 6.^^ Thomas Cutts gives the
same to J. M. Tillotson on January 7, 1816, for a similar
purpose;^^ and Dudley Carleton to John B. Carleton on
October 2, 1819. "^^ While such evidence does not
afford conclusive proof of non-residence, it strongly
indicates it, especially as these names appear neither
in the tax inventories of later years nor on the citizens'
roll of 1832.

It is also apparent that it is the larger landed pro-
prietors who are most likely to be non-resident. If
Nathaniel Wales, David Gibbs, and Moody Bedel were
actual settlers, it was for only a comparatively short
time. Nathaniel Wales of Indian Stream occurs for the
last time in 1806 j^" and in 1802 he is called of Wales
Location, so-called, in Grafton county; David Gibbs is
a resident of Lower Canada by 1802;^^ and there is no
evidence of Moody Bedel's residence at Indian Stream
until 1811, beyond the fact that he was joint owner of
the district. ^2 J^ i802 he is of the same residence as
Wales.

NOTES

1 Lib. 2nd, Proprietors' Records of Deeds of a Tract of Land
called Bedel's and Others' Grant, p. 39.

2 76,, p. 41. Here may be described the manuscript sources from
which most of the data of this and several succeeding chapters are
derived. They are as follows:

1. The above named Lib. 2nd, Proprietors' Records, etc., a
manuscript book, 8 x 12 inches, loosely sewed, without cover,
originally containing 46 pp., of which the second leaf, pp. 2 and 3,

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 19

is missing. Its contents consist of copies of deeds, with dates of
execution ranging from November 1, 1802, to August 23, 1816, and
records of proprietors' meetings with date as late as October 25,
1819.

2. Lib. 3rd, Proprietors' Records, etc., of the same description
and contents as Lib. 2nd, containing 38 pp., with dates of execution
ranging from June 21, 1804, to April 20, 1829, and dates of pro-
prietors' meetings extending to October 26, 1818. The numbering
of pp. 1-3 and 30 occurs twice.

3. A book of the same description, without title, containing a
few deeds and agreements, the tax inventories of 1827-1830, 1832,
and 1834, and the minutes of several meetings of the Assembly of
Indian Stream. Pp. 1-6 are missing, and one or two leaves at the
end, and part of p. 26 is torn off. The dates in this manuscript
range from July 31, 1823, to March 15, 1834.

These three manuscripts were loaned me by Mr. Sylvester
Lyford, clerk of the town of Pittsburg, who called my attention to
their existence in his oflBce in September, 1911. They will be
referred to as 2, 3, and 4.

4. A leather-bound manuscript book inscribed Indian Stream
Records, Book C, of the same form as the above, containing 335
pages, of which 33-219 are blank. Pp. 1-33 contain the consti-
tution, citizens' roll, and enactments of Indian Stream, and partial
minutes of its Assembly meetings from July 9, 1832, to April 18,

1835. Pp. 219-335 contain deeds and agreements dating from
October, 1811, to August 29, 1835. The book is in the possession
of the New Hampshire Historical Society at Concord, into whose
keeping it was given by Judge Edgar Aldrich of the United States
courts. The book will be referred to as C.

3 Coolidge and Mansfield, History and Description of New Eng-
land, p. 507.

* Edwin M. Bacon, The Connecticut River and the Valley of the
Connecticut, pp. 350-1.

^ Grant Powers, Historical Sketches of the Coos Country, 1841,
pp. 9, 37. For the journal of an attempt to ascend the Connec-
ticut valley in 1754, see pp. 17-32.

^* The report of the Commissioners to Indian Stream, November,

1836, p. 202.

«'b Bacon, p. 368.

* Report of Indian Stream Com., pp. 190 ff.
' Bacon, 368.

20 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

* Edgar Aldrich, Our Northern Boundary, etc., Proceedings of
New Hampshire Historical Society, vol. 2, p. 378, quotes the deed of
Philip. Thomas Eames is there named as the grantee. The con-
nection between him and Wales, Gibbs, and Bedel, who are every-
where else heard of as the possessors of the tract, is not clear. Judge
Aldrich's article is printed also in The Granite Monthly, xvii, 4,
October, 1894.

' 2, p. 8. The reference to the Great Ammonoosuc is repeated
in 2, p. 9 (April 5, 1804) and 3, p. 38 (March 19, 1813). It may
refer to an early and indefinite form of the claim, which is usually
made in the terms: "Land situated in the United States of America,
bounded on Connecticut River south and Province of Maine east
and Canada line north" (2, p. 19, November 12, 1811).

10 Aldrich, 378.

36 2, p. 16.

" 2, p. 8.

37 2, p. 21.

12 2, p. 8.

38 3, p. 5.

13 3, p. 12.

39 3, p. 3 bis.

" 2, p. 45.

^03, p. 8.

15 2, p. 7.

" 2, p. 28.

16 2, pp. 5, 12, 14, 18, 19,

33; <2 3^p. 1.

C, p. 227.

"3 2, p. 4.

17 2, p. 41.

« 3, p. 4.

18 2, p. 9.

"2, p. 17.

19 2, p. 43.

^6 2, p. 24.

20 2, p. 23.

473, p. 18.

21 2, p. 13.

*8 2, p. 29.

22 C, p. 227.

*9 3, p. 23.

23 C, p. 228.

50 2, p. 22.

2* 2, pp. 19, 12.

51 3, p. 24.

25 2, pp. 14, 5.

52 2, p. 31.

26 2, p. 33.

53 3, p. 26.

27 2, p. 18.

5* 3, p. 17.

^8 2, p. 7.

553, p. 14.

29 3, pp. 7, 4.

56 3, p. 3.

30 2, p. 24.

57 3, p. 33.

31 C, p. 222.

58 2, p. 11.

32 3, p. 37.

59 2, p. 44.

333, p. 19.

60 2, p. 40.

3*3, p. 16.

61 3, p. 7.

35 2, p. 37.

62 2, p. 19.

CHAPTER 3

The Settling of Indian Stream

From those deeds which specify residence and de-
scribe holdings with definite bounds, from certain
records of proprietors' meetings, from the inventories
for taxes from 1827 on, and from the citizens' roll of
1832 it is possible to construct a comparatively full
account of the formation of the Indian Stream com-
munity. There were probably some residents whose
names do not appear in any of the instruments and
records; but the number of settlers of whom there is
evidence is in itself proof that the names of most of
them are known, when we consider that at no time
did the number of voters at Indian Stream greatly
exceed sixty.

Omitting further mention of Wales and Gibbs, we
note that Hobart Spencer is mentioned as of Indian
Stream in the Wales deed of November 1, 1802, though
on April 5 of the next year he is of Lower Canada,^
In 1804 James Ladd, who in all subsequent instruments
is of Hereford, Lower Canada, is of Indian Stream. ^
On July 1 of that year Samuel Osborne of Canaan
acquires of Ladd eighty-five acres at the mouth of
Indian Stream, on the east bank.^ Osborne sold this
land in 1813,^ but afterward owned property near Back
Lake brook, and was on the citizens' roll of 1832.

On March 18, 1806, Enoch Emery of Conway or
Bartlett had one hundred acres of land of Nathaniel
Wales on the east bank of Indian Stream, and the pre-
sumption is that he became a resident, though no
more is heard of him.^ A certain Smart also was resi-

22 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

dent in 1806. ^ On August 28, 1809, Alexander Plumley
sells John Plumley sixty acres on the east bank,
and both are of Indian Stream. '' Anna and Phoebe
Currier are mentioned as of Indian Stream on May 11,
1811,^ and John Rowe, who deeds to them on that date
"a sartinge tract or parcel of land situated on Indian
Stream so-called, it being a part of a lot of land I
bought of John Homan, lot number 5, situated on
Indian Stream begininge at the wester side on the had
line of Samuel Osborn's, thence an est corse to land
clamed by John Plumley, thence on the devishion line
as it knowe runs to Indian Stream, thence down Indian
Stream to the first mentioned bound," is himself of
Indian Stream at the time. On September 10 of the
same year he is of Prospect, district of Three Rivers,
province of Lower Canada, and on November 12 and
16 of "Prospect, supposed to be in the United States
of America," and on June 15, 1812, "of Prospect (so-
called) or Indian Stream in the United States of Amer-
ica."^ February 7 of the next year he is of Concord,
or Lisbon.^" David Tyler of Liberty also appears in
1811, having land of David Gibbs and James Ladd on
September 18 and 21.^^

From the number of transfers which took place in
1811 a considerable interest in Indian Stream lands
may be inferred. There are also references to a Ladd's
survey of 1811, and a certificate confirming David
Tyler in the possession of lot 9 is dated Liberty,
September 21, and signed by "James Ladd, Govnt.
Surveyor. "^2

Not all of the transfers indicate new residents of the
district, of course; but, on the other hand, there were
settlers whose names do not appear in deeds, as will
appear from the following list of names which are
signed to a petition addressed to the proprietors'

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 23

meeting of September 16, 1811: Samuel Osborn, David
Tyler, James Ladd, Jesse Tyler, Jonathan Kimball,
Benjamin Kimball, Frederick Kimball, Sinclair Bean,
Anna W. Currier, Phoebe Currier, Thomas Brigham,
Joseph Jones, Stephen F. Hemingway, John Ha^mes,
William Quimby, John Rowe for John Punchard,
Timothy Bedel, Moody Bedel, Richard Quimby, David
Tyler for Eunice and Abigail Plumley.^^

To these data for 1811 may be added that Nathan
Judd of Lisbon, said to have come to Indian Stream
in 1813, had land of John Rowe on October 21, 1811 ;i4
that Nathaniel Perkins of Lisbon, said to have come
in 1814, had of John Rowe on September 10, 1811, two
hundred acres of common and undivided land, on
November 16 two hundred acres more, and on No-
vember 12 one thousand acres at the mouth of Indian
Stream, being the Nathaniel Wales farm; ^^ and that
John Haynes, said to have come in 1813, signs himself
" Justice " on September 10, 1811.^^ Ebenezer Fletcher,
Daniel Haynes, and John Comstock are also said by
the Fergusson history to have come in 181 1.^^

The only evidence for 1812 is in the following: on
June 13 Ebenezer Fletcher of Charlestov/n, Cheshire
county, had of John Rowe twenty-two hundred acres
of common and undivided land;^^ on June 20 Nathan-
iel Bean deeds to Sinclair Bean and Nathaniel Bean, Jr.,
land at the mouth of Indian Stream ;^3 on July 21
Ebenezer Fletcher acquires of James Ladd four hun-
dred acres of common and undivided land;^° on Sep-
tember 24 Thomas Brigham transfers to John Haynes
of Indian Stream one hundred and thirty acres, equal
to lot 12 of Ladd's survey;-^ on December 19 Thomas
Brigham, now of St. Johnsbury, Vermont, deeds to
Royal Gage of the same place one hundred acres of
common and undivided land, and to Thomas Hill of
Waterford, Vermont, two hundred acres.^-

24 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

In 1813, John Rowe, now of Lisbon, deeds to John
Haynes one hundred acres opposite the mouth of Indian
Stream on February 7 ; ^^ and on February 22, to Na-
thaniel Perkins and WilHam Quimby of Lisbon half
interest in a tract ;2^ on March 20 John Plumley deeds
to John Haynes sixty acres on the east bank;-^ on
September 16 Samuel and Lydia Osborn deed to James
Heath of Stewartstown eighty-five acres at the mouth
of Indian Stream.^^ Nathan Judd also came this year.^^^

For 1814 there is no evidence in the deeds to throw
light upon the coming of settlers. Nathaniel Perkins
is said to have come during this year,^^

In 1815 James Ladd transfers to Betsey Ladd, both
of Hereford, five hundred acres of common and undi-
vided land, and in January Jesse Tyler, now of Cole-
brook, transfers to James Heath, now of Indian Stream
("of a place called Liberty"), the hundred acres he
pitched upon at least as early as 1811, and an adjoining
gore bounded on the east by Brigbam's land and on the
south by the Connecticut river.^^ The Fergusson his-
tory states that Clark J. Haynes and William Hyland
arrived this year.-^ In November a proprietors' meet-
ing was held.^^

The only evidence for 1816 concerning actual settle-
ment is to be found in the deed from David Tyler to
Abner Hyland, both of Indian Stream, of three hundred
and twenty-eight acres near the mouth of Indian
Stream.^^

On May 12, 1817, John Haynes acquires from David
Gibbs one thousand acres of common and undivided
land, "with the proprietors' right of pitching two hun-
dred acres to each actual settler as by proprietors'
records will appear."^^ Qn October 27 there was a
proprietors' meeting.^^

On October 26, 1818, there was another proprietors'

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 25

meeting, at which John Haynes was confirmed in the
possession of one hundred acres of land on Gage brook,
on which he had done settler's duty.^^

In 1819, on September 29, Jeremiah and Thomas
Tabor of Bradford, Orange county, Vermont, had
land on the west bank of Indian Stream ;^^ on July 12
James Heath sells his holding of eighty -five acres at the
mouth of the Stream to Daniel Rogers of Newbury,
Vermont, who is a citizen on the roll of 1832;^^ on Au-
gust 21 Heath acquires lot 4;" on November 1 David
Tyler deeds to John Haynes one hundred acres (lot 9)
earned by settler's duty, and sixty acres adjoining ac-
quired from Ladd.^^ According to the Fergusson his-
tory the arrivals during this year were Emer Applebee,
Moody Bedel, Samuel Danforth, Rufus Brockway,
David Eaton, J. T. Boynton, Zebulon Flanders, and
Enoch Carr.^^ There is record of a proprietors' meeting
on October 25, 1819.'"'

In 1820, on September 27, Simeon Wright, late of
Bradford, Vermont, acquired of James Heath, now of
district of Three Rivers, Lower Canada, land described
as lot 4, bounded on the south by Connecticut river
and on the west by Abner Hyland's estate.^^ The Fer-
gusson history states that Joshua Parker arrived this
year and settled in the Lake District, with Abial Holt,
Noah Fletcher, Archelaus Cummings, Seth Blood, and
Burleigh Blood, all from Temple. Paul Tabor, Jere-
miah Tabor, and Elisha Tabor settled on Indian
Stream. Simeon Wright, Moses Thurston, Southwood
Sibley, Richard Blanchard, Josiah Rogers, David
Mitchell, John L. Haynes, and Jeremy George were
other arrivals. ^2

On April 1, 1821, Royal Gage of St. Johnsbury,
Vermont, deeded to Moses Thurston of the town of
Liberty, in Indian Stream Territory, the one hundred
acres Gage pitched upon in 1812;^ and David and

26 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Damon Smith pitched upon one hundred aeres.^* The
names of Sylvester Hutchins, Reuben Sawyer, and
Jonathan Hartwell are recorded in the Fergusson
history, '*^^

In 1822 Daniel Harris made a pitch, of location un-
known. ^^ During this year, according to the Fergusson
history, John Parker, John Parsons, Elisha Abbott,
Peter Barnes, and Jonathan French were among the
arrivals/^

In 1823 Seth and Burleigh Blood "pitched and
began work on the meadow lot, so-called," near the
Connecticut lake."^^ Sampson Rowell and Eben and
Silas Getchell came this year/^^"

In 1824 the following transfers are recorded: July 9,
John Haynes to David Eaton, a farm of two hundred
acres ;^^ October 23, Richard Quimby to Rufus Brock-
way, both of Indian Stream, two hundred acres ;''^ Oc-
tober 25, Rufus Brockway to David and Amos Tyler
of Waterford, Vermont, land for $350;^° Daniel Harris
to J. T. Boynton, the pitch he made in 1822.^^ Samuel
Higgins, Britton Cook, and Ephraim C. Aldrich also
came this year.^^''

In 1825 Boynton transfers the Harris pitch to Alpheus
Hutchins;^" and Zaccheus Clough clears two acres on a
pitch on a lot east of the Harris lot.^^

On July 1, 1826, Alanson Cummings of Temple, who
becomes a prominent member of the community, has
land of Langdon Haynes of Indian Stream, on the north
side of Back lake at Sucker brook, on the original line
run by Abial Holt;^* on July 10 Archelaus Cummings
has the hundred acres which John Haynes acquired by
settler's duty in 1818.^5

On June 8, 1827, Enos Rowell deeds to Archelaus
Cummings, both of Indian Stream, two hundred acres. ^^
Luther Parker arrived during this year, and its inven-
tory for taxes is preserved."

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 27

On October 21, 1828, Ira C. Bowen deeds to John
Tyler, both of Indian Stream, the land that David and
Amos Tyler had purchased of Rufus Brockway, west
of and adjoining land of General Moody Bedel. ^*
This was near the Lake Settlement.

On June 1, 1829, Nathaniel Snow pitched on a gore
of land bounded on the east by Seth Blood, on the south
by Benjamin Fletcher, and on the west by Abial Holt,
also in the Lake Settlement. ^^

The data of 1830 which seem to bear on the coming
or going of settlers are as follows: on November 18
Justice B. Davis and Phineas Willard, both of Indian
Stream, enter into an agreement ;^° on November 18
Willard deeds to Davis land pitched on by Jedediah
Butten, sold by Butten to Ebenezer Fletcher, and by
him to Willard ;^^ on December 20 Joshua Parker deeds
to Zebedee Thayer of Bethlehem, New Hampshire,
ninety-seven acres at Connecticut lake,^^ and on the
same date Zebedee Thayer, this time called of Indian
Stream, deeds the same property to Levi Thayer of
Franconia, Grafton county. ^^

In 1831 there are the following: on January 22,
Samuel Osborn deeds to John Haynes, both of Indian
Stream, for $10, the south end of lot 8, ten acres,
bounded on the west by Ebenezer Fletcher's mill lot,
and taking in the whole width of the lot on Connecticut
river, with mill privileges;^* on February 22 Clark J.
Haynes deeds land to George W. Bunnell, both of Indian
Stream, for $150;^^ on July 19 South wood Sibley deeds
eighty acres and twenty rods to Samuel Danforth 2d;^®
on September 17 the same land, which is on the Con-
necticut river, goes to David Rowel 1 of Indian
Stream ;^^ on November 26 Jeremiah Tabor deeds land
to Enoch Carr, both of Indian Stream, for $400.®^

The process of Indian Stream settlement up to 1832,
when the formal organization of Indian Stream Terri-

28 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

tory took place, is fairly well described by these notes.
Before passing to the story of government in the com-
munity we may point out one or two interesting facts.

In the first place, the War of 1812s^seems to have made
no serious interruption in the slow but sure populating
of the place. Again, though there is some little evi-
dence in the deeds as to the uncertain status of the
region caused by the unsettled boundary, we are not
left with the impression that the community was not
law-abiding and orderly.

Still further, the fact is noticeable that up to about
1820 the permanent settlers were for the greater part
located on both sides of the lower Indian Stream and
on the Connecticut river near their confluence. This
is what might be expected, for this district is not only
the part of the valley first approached from the south,
but is richer in fine meadow lands than any other part.
The visitor who ascends the Connecticut from Stewarts-
town and Canaan today is enraptured at first sight of
the valley about the confluence, where are situated
some of the most beautiful homes in America.

By 1820, according to the usual account, there were
in the Indian Stream country about forty settlers and
their families. In 1824 the state commission which
visited the region to investigate reported fifty -eight
families, a population of two hundred and eighty-five,
and eight hundred and forty-seven acres of improved
lands, out of a total area of one hundred and fifty
thousand acres. The average value per acre, which
they estimated at $5.00, was excessive, if we take the
deed prices as a guide. ^^

In the years following 1820 the Indian Stream civili-
zation spread toward the upper Connecticut valley,
and the Lake Settlement came into existence. The
political center at length formed itself midway between
the Lake Settlement and the confluence of the Connec-
ticut and Indian Stream, at a point near the mouth of

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 29

Back Lake brook, where stands the present village of
Pittsburg.

We may consider now the process by which Indian
Stream developed into a commonwealth.

NOTES

12, pp. 8, 41, ^■=3,p.3.

23, p. 16. 36 3^ p. 17.

33, p. 16. "3 p, 14.

4 2, p. 24. 38 3, p. 35.

5 2, p. 45. 39 Hist. Coos Co., p. 703.

6 Report of Indian Stream ^^ 2, p. 39.

Com., p. 203. « 3, p. 15.

7 2, p. 16. *2 Hist. Coos Co., p. 703.

8 2, p. 23 « 3, p. 22.

9 2, pp. 13, 14, 12, 33. « C, p. 312.

1" 2, p. 18. **" Hist. Coos Co., p. 703.

11 3, pp. 4, 5, «3, p. 35.

12 3, p. 6. « Hist. Coos Co., p. 703.
"3, p. 19. "4, p. 7.

" C, p. 227. ^''^ Hist. Coos Co., p. 703.

1^2, pp. 14, 12. "8 3, p. 29.

16 2, p. 14. " C, p. 240.

17 Hist. Coos County (W. A. »» C, p. 230.

Fergusson & Co., Syra- " 3, p. 35.

cuse, 1888), p. 702. "^ Hist. Coos Co., p. 703.

18 2, p. 33. 52 3^ p. 35.

19 2, p. 28. 53 c, p. 232.

20 2, p. 35. ^3, p. 30.
213, p. 1. 65 3^ p. 30.

22 3, pp. 4, 9. 66 c, p. 314.

23 2, p. 18. 67 4, p. 8.

2" 2, p. 7. 68 c, p. 224.

"2, p. 17. 69 c, p. 250.

26 2, p. 26. 60 c, p. 237.
26"^ Coos Co., p. 702. 61 c, p. 232.

27 2, p. 29. 62 c, p. 225.

28 3, p. 18. 63 c, p. 242.

29 Hist. Coos Co., p. 703. 64 c, p. 251.
3« 3, p. 20. 65 c, p. 236.

31 2, p. 22. 66 c, p. 226.

32 C, p. 222. 67 c, p. 246.

33 3, p. 20. 68 c, p. 233.

3* 3, p. 21. 69 Hist. Coos Co., p. 703.

CHAPTER 4

Indian Stream Proprietary Administration

The character and scope of administration in the
Indian Stream country prior to 1827 must be judged of
almost entirely from the evidence of real estate trans-
fers, and from certain minutes of proprietors' meetings
which fortunately have been preserved.

An instrument of December 19, 1812, will serve to
indicate the existence of definite rules governing the
settlement of land. It refers to "common and undi-
vided land in the aforesaid tract, together with the
proprietors' right of pitching said land agreeable to the
regulations and votes of said proprietors, as by their
records may fully appear, not infringing on any pitch or
settlement already made, or that may be made here-
after, before the said Gage, his heirs or assigns, shall have
pitched or made settlement, with allowances for high-
ways, which pitches are to be made agreeable to the
rules and regulations and votes of said proprietors,
otherwise to take proprietors' allotment."^

This may be interpreted to mean that anyone who
acquired rights to common and undivided lands might
pitch upon or sell the right to pitch upon any unoccu-
pied lot, and acquire title up to the amount of his
holding.

The meager minutes of the proprietors' meetings are
here of interest. They are as follows:

Bedel's & Others' Grant, September 16th, 1811.

At a meeting of the proprietors of said grant, duly notified and
holden agreeable to advertisement at the house of David Tyler.

Present, Moody Bedel, who claims 1-3 of the whole grant, except
1400 acres.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 31

David Gibbs, who claims 1-3 of tlie whole grant.

James Ladd, who claims 1-12 of the whole grant, except 3000
acres, under Nathaniel Wales.

John M. Tillotson, who claims 1-12 and 1-24 of the whole grant
under Nathaniel Wales.

John Rowe, who claims 1-12 and as Atty. 1-24 under said Wales,
except 1500 acres.

Nathaniel PerkiDs, who claims two hundred acres under Nathaniel
Wales.

William Morrison, who claims 250 acres under said Wales.

John Haynes, who claims 2000 acres under said Wales.

William Quimby, who claims 600 acres under said Wales.

Matthew Greeley, who claims 1000 acres under Moody Bedel.
• Samuel Osborn, who claims 185 acres under Nathaniel Wales.

Said meeting being opened, proceeded.

Voted to adjourn this meeting till to-morrow morning at nine of
the clock, then to meet at this place.

It was accordingly adjourned.

Pr. Moody Bedel, Moderator.
Timothy Bedel, Clerk.

17th Sept., 1811.
Meeting opened according to adjournment. Pr. Moody Bedel,
Moderator. Timothy Bedel, Clerk.
Having had the request of a number of settlers, which is as follows,
viz.: We, the subscribers, settlers, and persons who have pitched
and made some beginnings by labouring on our said pitches made
on Bedel's Grant under the proprietors thereof, hereby request that
the said proprietors confirm us in the peaceable possession of our
said pitches, respectively, in such way and under such restrictions
as they maj' think proper. Dated Sept. 16th, 1811.

Signed (here follow the names already recited on p. 23.)
Voted that the above or foregoing named persons be quieted in
their several and respective pitches of one hundred acres each, if
so much there be, and pitches hereafter made to the number of
forty, including the above, shall hold their pitches of one hundred
acres each by doing duty of settlers, wliich is to clear five acres of
land, and produce a certificate from John Rowe that the duty as
aforesaid is done, and lodge the same with the proprietors' clerk,
and agree to make a road or highway through their pitch or lot
whenever laid out by the proprietors, and thereto requested, and
the proprietors may pitch by doing as aforesaid at any time till a

32 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

draft takes place, and hold their pitches in severalty, said pitches or
lots to be laid out under the direction of the committee for laying
out the town of Liberty, which pitches as aforesaid must be done
within one year from this date.

Bedel's and Associates' Grant, Novr. 7th, 1815.

At a legal meeting of said proprietors of said grant duly holden
by adjournment at the dwelling-house of David Tyler. Present —

Article 3rd. Voted to confirm the doings of their former meeting
of Sept. 16, 1811.

Article 4. Chose Nathaniel Perkins to serve as one of the Com-
mittee to fill the place of John Rowe, absent.

Article 5th. Voted to give all persons who have made actual
pitches according to their vote of Sept. 17th, 1811, one year from
this day to perform the duty of settlers as therein requested, and
that all certificates concerning the same signed by Nathaniel Per-
kins shall be good, and voted as if given by John Rowe as therein
requested.

Bedel's and Others' Grant, Monday, 27 th October, 1817.
Present. Nathaniel Perkins, Moderator.

John Haynes, Pro (prie tors') Clerk.

John Haynes, of said grant, exhibited the following certificate or
adjustment: 2d Novr., 1816. I hereby certify that John Haynes
has cleared more than five acres of land on a meadow lot of land
situated in Bedel's Grant (so-called). Said lot of (land) lies on the
westerly side of Connecticut River in a bow of said river and below
the streats (so-called) not far from the middle of Dade Water, and
adjoins southerly on land known as the Palmer lot. Nathaniel
Perkins, Pro[prietors'] Committee.

Voted that the foregoing certificate be laid over till the next
meeting of said proprietors.

Bedel's and Others' Grant, Ss., 26th Octr., 1818.

Met according to adjournment at the dwelling-house of Abner
Hyland, resident in this place. Present — Nathaniel Perkins,
Moderator. John Haynes, Pro. Clerk.

Took up, read, and considered the certificate of Nathaniel Perkins,
Proprietors' Committee, certifying that John Haynes had cleared
more than five acres of land on a certain lot of land therein described
and exhibited by said John Haynes to said proprietors at their last
meeting and voted to be laid over to the present meeting of said

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 33

proprietors, and after due consideration, voted that for and in con-
sideration of the said John Haynes clearing said five acres of land
or more as mentioned in said certificate, doing duties on said grant,
&c., to give and grant to him, the said John Haynes, his heirs and
assigns forever the following tract or parcel of land, situate in said
grant, bounded as follows (viz.) : beginning at a turn of said river
about six or eight rods above the mouth of the Gage Brook (so-
called), thence following up said river as it now runs a suflficient
distance to make the distance from the bound begun at on a straight
line one half mile, thence running north one hundred rods, thence
west one half mile, then running south to the first mentioned bound,
meaning to contain one hundred acres, with the allowance for high-
ways.

These extracts were made and recorded for the sake
of John Haynes's claim to the land in question. ^

Another record of proprietors' business is as follows:

An assessment of a tax of five mills on each acre of land laying in
common in Bedel's and Others' Grant of lands lying north of the
forty-fifth degree of north latitude, supposed to contain one hundred
and sixty thousand acres, made agreeable to vote of the proprietors
at a proprietors' meeting held Septr. 1811, also Novm., 181J, to
raise money to make roads and surveys in said grant.

No. Acres Proprietors' Names Amt. of Tax

53,333 Moody Bedel $266.66

47,333 David Gibbs 236.66

13,333 John M. Tillotson 66.66

13,333 for Thomas Cutts 66.66

100 Enoch Emery 50

11,000 David Barnett 55 . 00

4,000 Abner Hyland 20 . 00

1,400 John Haynes 7 . 00

1,000 James Heath 5.00

10,333 the heirs of James Ladd . . 51 .66

500 Nathaniel Perkins 2 . 50

1,000 Dudley Carleton 5 . 00

300 Abel Bennett 1 . 50

250 William Morrison 1 . 25

600 William Quimby 3.00

5,233 the heirs of Jas. Treadwav 26 . 16

34 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

No. Acres Proprietors' Names Amt. of Tax

500 Daniel Heath 2.50

200 Daniel Barnes 1 . 00

2,600 Ebenezer Fletcher 13.00

1,000 William K Smith 5.00

500 Mary L. Ladd 2.50

500 Betsey G. Ladd 2.50

100 John Cogswell 50

1,000 James Turner 5 . 00

$847 . 21
Amounting to eight hundred forty-seven dollars and twenty-one
cents.

Oct. 25, 1819.

John M. Tillotson, Assessor.

United States of America, Bedel & Others' Grant,

October 25, 1819.
To Nathaniel Perkins, Collector, Greeting: You are hereby
authorized and required to collect and pay over the several sums
set to each person's name on or before the third Tuesday of June
next to the treasurer of said grant, agreeable to the laws now in
force.

Given under our hand and seal the day and year above.

John M. Tillotson, Assessor.
John Hatnes, Props. Cleric.^

Whether this assessment was levied in 1811 and 1815
cannot be ascertained. Perhaps the inference is not
unwarranted that the collection of the assessment as
voted in 1811 and 1815 had proved undesirable or
impossible, and that the above minutes represent a still
further attempt to encourage settlement by the im-
proving of the highways and the laying out of lands.

During the years 1820-1822, probably as a consequence
of this assessment, two surveyors, Moses Davis and
Jonathan Eastman, were employed by the proprietors'
association to mark out ten thousand acres of land in
lots of one hundred and two hundred acres, which were

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 35

then offered in alternate holdings to those who should
do settlers' duty, the nature of such duty no doubt
being the same as that described in the above minutes
of the proprietors' meeting of September 17, 1811.
The land thus laid out was probably in the region far-
ther upstream, near and including the Lake District,
for the land transfers from 1820 on, as we have seen
(pp. 25-27), indicate the settlement of that neighbor-
hood.

In June, 1824, the legislature of New Hampshire had
its attention called to the settlements at Indian Stream,
which were encroachments on lands claimed by the
state as public domain, being north of forty-five de-
grees. A commission was appointed to investigate,
and made due report. The state repudiated the claims
of the proprietors advanced on the basis of the deed of
the Indian, Philip, but, in consideration of labor per-
formed and hardships endured, quieted the settlers in
the amount of two hundred acres each, except Nathaniel
Perkins and Jeremiah Tabor, who were allowed to hold
seven hundred each.^ All other portions of land the
state reserved for itself.^

NOTES

1 3, p. 4.

2 3, pp. 19-21.

3 2, p. 39.

* Aldrich, p. 379; Hist. Coos Co. p. 707.

^ Coolidge and Mansfield, Hist, and Descr. of New England, p.
390.

CHAPTER 5
Indian Stream Democracy

The action of the state of New Hampshire in 1824
had Httle or no effect upon the manner of administra-
tion in the Indian Stream country, though it made for
stabihty in the affairs of the community. The govern-
ment of the district continued to be in the hands of its
inhabitants, and the state seems to have paid almost
no attention for a period of ten years to the territory
it had claimed. Whatever change took place in its
control was due to growth in population and change
in the personnel of the property holders, rather than to
interference from outside authority.

That an association of proprietors still continued to
exist is proven by the occurrence of the signature of
John Haynes, proprietors' clerk, up to March 5, 1832,
when John A. Mitchell is voted clerk, and given also
the duties of recorder of deeds. The above signature
of John Haynes, with occasional variations — "Clerk,"
"Clerk of said Grant," "Clerk of said Territory,"
"Register of Deeds," — begins on November 7, 1815,
and is interrupted only from September 27, 1827, to
November 23, 1828, when the signature of "David
Mitchell, Clerk," appears, and on February 24, 1831,
when the name of Reuben Sawyer appears for a single
time.^

It seems probable that, with the interference of the
state and the consequent diminution of proprietary
right on the part of holders of common and undivided
land, the association of proprietors on the old basis of
mere claim to shares in the common estate changed

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 37

into an association of proprietors by right of actual
settlement and possession of land with definite bounds.
The new proprietary body would naturally consist at
first of those settlers who had been quieted by the state,
and would not differ very greatly from the old, as most
of the former proprietary body had been resident. The
new association of proprietors was therefore equivalent
to an association of all the citizens of Indian Stream
into a commonwealth. Changes in it or additions to
it might occur by reason of transfer of land and the
pitching of new land.

Land transfers continued, as we have seen, and pitches
were also made. The improvement of two acres by
Zaccheus Clough in 1825 no doubt had to do with a
pitch ;2 and Nathaniel Snow pitched on land in the
Lake District as late as January 1, 1829.^ In the
absence of supervision, or even interest, on the part
of the state or of Coos county, it is easily understood
how the right of pitching and transfer in the old manner
might still be recognized.

In whatever manner the Indian Stream democracy
was first developed, the year 1827 affords evidence of a
considerable stability of relation among the settlers.
The inventory for taxes for this year still exists, and
indicates a carefully conceived method of assessment
and taxation, too complete to have been the first
attempt at system. The first six pages of the manu-
script which contains this and subsequent inventories
are missing. It is likely that they contained the
inventories for at least one or two preceding years, and
the minutes of one or two meetings.

The following items, chosen from the inventory for
taxes for 1827,^ will serve to indicate its character,
and at the same time aflFord some basis on which to

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

estimate the character of the government which lay
back of it:

t
o

Ephraim Aldrich

$3.30

Abial Holt

l,3w.

2,3w.

4,2w.

4.10

Archelaus Cummings

2
2,4w.

l,3w.
4,2w.

11.20

Jonathan Hartwell

l,2w.

4.55

The peculiarities of this tax inventory will be more
easily understood after a reading of the following "Act
to establish the rate at which polls and ratable estates
shall be valued in making and assessing direct and other
taxes in this place." This act was not passed until
March 11, 1833, but it is plainly the tradition of a
scheme for assessment and taxation fully formed and
in operation for at least a year previous even to 1827,
as may be demonstrated by the application of the act
to any one of the above names. The act reads:

"Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in General
Assembly convened that hereafter all public taxes shall be assessed
on the polls and ratable estates in manner following, namely: each
male poll, from twenty-one years to seventy, except ordained min-
isters, paupers, and idiots, to be valued at one dollar and thirty
cents. All stallions or stud horses that have been wintered three
winters each, at two dollars, other horses and mares that have been
wintered five winters each, at seventy cents, other horses and mares
that have been wintered four winters only, each at fifty cents, other
horses and mares that have been wintered three winters only, each
at thirty cents, other horses and mares that have been wintered two
winters only, at ten cents each. Oxen that have been wintered
five winters, each at forty cents, oxen that have been wintered
four winters only, each at thirty cents, cows that have been win-
tered four winters, each at twenty cents. All neat stock that has
been wintered three winters onl}'', each at ten cents, all neat stock

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

that has been wintered two winters only, each at five cents. Reck-
oning the winter to begin at the first day of December and to end
the last day of March. Arable land, accounting so much for an
acre as will produce twenty-five bushels of Indian corn, or other
grain equivalent, one year with another, at twenty cents. Mowing
land, accoimting so much for an acre as will produce one ton of
English hay, or other equivalent, one year with another, at twenty
cents. Pasture land, accounting so much for an acre as will keep
one cow, one year with another, four acres, each acre at five cents.
Mills, distilleries, and other buildings to be estimated at half of one
per cent of their real value.""

The subjoined compilation, made from the manu-
script containing the inventories for taxes, is also
illuminating :

4->

0)
X

1827

341

94.5

$183.83

1828

102

135

524

237

293 . 93

1829

103

577

313

306 . 94

1832

133

146

523

319

105.5

369.34

The inventories for 1831 and 1833 are missing, and
those of 1830 and 1834 are not wholly satisfactory as
evidence.

The indication of a more or less stable form of gov-
ernment which is to be seen in these inventories is
supplemented by the evidence afforded by the minutes
of a meeting held on March 5, 1832. To these we shall
refer later.

NOTES
1 Proprietors' Records, passim.
2C, p. 232.
» C, p. 250.
M,p.8.
sC, p. 19.

CHAPTER 6

The Parkers at Indian Stream

Joshua Parker, Jr., elder brother of Luther Parker,
came to the Indian Stream country in 1820. He was
then twenty-two years of age, and a veteran of the
War of 1812. He was one of the earhest settlers in
the Lake District, near the southwest end of First Con-
necticut lake, and had land to the amount of ninety-
seven acres, described as follows:

". . . land situated at Indian Stream aforesaid, viz., beginning
at the shore of Lake Connecticut (so-called), thence running north
25 degrees west, on the side line {?) of land of Joshua Parker, Senior,
and Luther Parker, one hundred and fifty-seven rods to a birch
tree, thence running seventy degrees east on the line of land of
Luther Parker and Abial Holt, Senior, one hundred and fifty-eight
rods to a spruce tree, thence twenty degrees west one hundred rods
to the Lake shore to the bound begun at. "^

In the absence of further evidence it is to be assumed
that Joshua Parker acquired this land through per-
formance of settler's duty on his arrival in 1820.

John Parker, mentioned by the Fergusson history as
arriving in 1822, was no immediate relative of the
Temple Parkers. ^ His name does not appear in the
inventories for taxes, or in the citizens' roll of 1832,
though in a deposition of 1836 a John Parker is men-
tioned as of Indian Stream and the neighborhood of
Hereford, the nearest town in Canada.^ In 1827, how-
ever, Phineas Willard of Indian Stream pays taxes
for the Parker place. It may be inferred that John
Parker had moved from Indian Stream soon after
1822. There is no deed containing his name. It may

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 41

also be inferred with some reason that John Parker was
a descendant of Thomas Parker of Redding, through
Nathaniel, Stephen, Stephen, Jr., and Caleb, soldier of
the Revolution, who was born at Shrewsbury, Massa-
chusetts, in 1760, moved to Brattleborough, Vermont,
in 1785, and in 1800 went to Stukeley, one of the
eastern townships of Lower Canada, where he died in
1826, the father of eight sons and three daughters.*
John Parker might have been grandson of Caleb
Parker by one of the older sons. There may also be
some significance in the paying of taxes for the Parker
place by Phineas Willard. Nathan Parker, son of
Caleb of Stukeley, married Elizabeth Willard, daughter
of Major Samuel Willard, one of the pioneers of Stuke-
ley.^ John Parker and Phineas Willard may have
been related through this marriage, and may have come
to Indian Stream together.

Joshua Parker, Sr., appears on the tax roll of 1827,
and continues until 1835. He is assessed no poll tax,
however, and was never resident at Indian Stream.
When he acquired title is unknown. Perhaps Joshua
Parker, Jr., made pitches for both at the same time in
1820. It is also possible that his land was acquired
by purchase on a visit which he is known to have made
to Indian Stream in 1825 or 1826, after Luther Parker
had begun to teach school at Stratford, and before his
marriage and removal to Indian Stream.* Again,
Joshua, Jr., may have pitched for his father after the
visit.

* This visit was probably in the summer or autumn, Halting at
Stratford on his way to Indian Stream, Joshua Parker came to the
door of the Baldwin home, and asked for a drink. He was ad-
mitted, and presently a fresh-faced girl entered the room with
water. Mr. Parker looked at her for a moment, and then asked:
"Are you Lettie French?" "Yes, sir," was the response. "Well,"
answered he, "my name is Parker — Joshua Parker. Luther

42 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Luther Parker and Alletta French were married in
February, 1827, and were established at Indian Stream
early enough for his name to appear in the inventory
for taxes of that year. It is probable that he had
visited the place at least once before this, perhaps in
the intervals of his duties at Stratford.

The holdings of the three Parkers from Temple were
all in the Lake Settlement adjoining each other, and
were probably all acquired through performance of
settler's duty.

The land which Luther Parker originally settled on
is not described further than in the description of
Joshua Parker, Jr.'s, land in 1830, which shows that
the latter's holding was bounded east-by-north for one
hundred and fifty -seven rods by the land of Joshua
Parker, Sr., and south-by-east for one hundred and fifty-
eight rods by the land of Luther Parker and Abial Holt,
and was near the shore of Connecticut lake.

In the inventory for taxes for 1827 the names of
the Parkers appear as follows: ®

Joshua Parker, Jr., 1 poll, 2 oxen, 2 acres of mowing $2.10

Joshua Parker, 4 acres of mowing 80

Luther Parker, 1 poll, 2 oxen, 3w., 1 cow, 4 acres mowing. . . 2.50

In 1828, the inventory shows: ^

Joshua Parker, Jr., 1 poll, 2 oxen, 5w., 2 acres mowing $2. 10

Joshua Parker, 4 acres mowing 80

Luther Parker, 1 poll, 2 oxen, 2 cows, 7 acres mowing 3 .90

The inventory for 1829 shows: ^

Joshua Parker, Jr., 1 poll, 2 cows, 1 neat, 3w., 1 acre mow-
ing, 2 acres of pasture, 1 person $2.10

Joshua Parker, 4 acres mowing 80

Luther Parker, 1 poll, 2 oxen, 2 cows, 1 neat, 3w., 10 acres

mowing, 2 acres pasture, 3 persons 4 . 70

Parker is my son." The girl blushed with embarrassment, and ran
out of the room.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 43

Besides the fact that Joshua Parker, Sr., is non-
resident, the above items show that Joshua Parker, Jr.,
is unmarried, and that Luther and Alletta Parker liave
their first child. This is Charles Durham Parker, born
December 27, 1827.

The inventory for 1830 shows: ^

Joshua Parker, Jr., 1 poll, 2 oxen, 4w., 2 cows, 3 acres mowing, 2

acres pasture.
Joshua Parker, 4 acres mowing.
Luther Parker, 13 acres mowing.

For this year neither the individual nor the total
amount of taxes is recorded.

On August 24, 1830, Persis Euseba, the second child
of Luther Parker, was born. On December 30 Joshua
Parker, Jr., executed a deed of his ninety-seven acres
to Zebedee Thayer of Bethlehem, New Hampshire,
who became a resident of Indian Stream.^". The name
of Joshua Parker, Jr., disappears from the Indian
Stream tax roll from this time. One reason for his
return to Temple is to be seen in the death of Edwin
Parker, his younger brother, on July 7 of the same
year, at the age of twenty-three, an event which
left the Parker home at Temple with but one son.
Another reason is to be seen in the disadvantages of
the rigorous Indian Stream climate. ^^

The tax inventory for 1831 is missing. That for
1832 shows the following :^2

Joshua Parker, 4 acres mowing $ . 65

Luther Parker, 1 poll, 1 horse, 3 cows, 1 neat, 3w., 6 acres

mowing, 5 acres pasture, 1 acre tillage, stock in trade, $400 $5.41

The rate this year was eighty-two cents to the dollar.
Luther Parker's stock in trade was in a store in the
Lake Settlement, probably identical with his dwelling-
house.

44 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

The inventory for 1833 is missing. On March 16
of this year Ellen Augusta, the third child of Luther
and Alletta Parker, was born in the house at the Lake
Settlement.

The tax inventory for 1834 shows: ^^

Joshua Parker, 2 acres mowing, 4 acres pasture $.52

L. and A. Parker, 2 polls, 1 cow, mill and house, $1.25, stock

in trade, $1.20 4.74

L. and A.Parker, for the Lake farm, 4 cows, 1 neat, 3w., 1 neat,
2w., 4 acres mowing, ^ acre tillage, 2 acres pasture, half
house, $.15, stock in trade, $ . 46 1 . 83

The A. Parker of this inventory is Asa, younger
brother of Luther, born in 1810. His arrival at Indian
Stream was probably after the withdrawal of Joshua
Parker, Jr.

The tax for stock in trade appears against every name
on the roll for this year, and so does not necessarily
have reference to merchandise for sale. In the case of
the Parkers, however, it has to do with such merchan-
dise, for we have seen that Luther Parker had stock in
trade to the amount of $400 in 1832, when a like item
was not set down against all names, and in 1834 he
owned, in company with Asa Parker, a mill and house.
The reference to a half house on the Lake farm is not
clear. It is possible that the Parkers, who left the
Lake Settlement at the beginning of the year, occupied
only half of the Lake farm house, and let the remainder.
The tax on mowed and pasture land, and on stock,
shows that they operated the farm, whether continu-
ously in residence on it or not. This would not make
it impossible to operate the mill during the same year.

Luther Parker engaged in two real estate transac-
tions in 1834. On January 14 Zebedee Thayer, who
in 1830 had bought Joshua Parker, Jr.'s, ninety-seven
acres at the lake, and deeded it the same day to Levi

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 45

Thayer, transferred to Luther Parker forty acres in the
same Lake neighborhood, described as follows :

". . . beginning at the northeasterly corner of Abial Holt's
lot, thence running on the easterly line of said Holt's to the north-
westerly corner of the Benjamin Fletcher lot (so-called), thence on
the northerly line of said lot to the westerly line of Seth Blood's lot,
thence on the westerly line of said Blood's lot to the northwesterly
corner of said Blood's lot, thence on a straight line to the north-
easterly corner of said Holt's lot first mentioned, containing forty
acres more or less."^^

The second transaction concerned both Luther and
Asa Parker. It took place ten days after the Thayer
transfer. On the 24th of January John and Clark J.
Haynes, both of Indian Stream, Esquires,

"for and in consideration of four hundred dollars to us in
hand before delivery hereof well and truly paid by Luther Parker and
Asa Parker, both now of said Indian Stream (traders), the receipt
whereof we do hereby acknowledge, have released, remissed, and
quitclaimed and do by these presents herebj' release, remiss, and
forever quitclaim all our right, title, interest, claim, or demand we
have in and unto a certain piece or parcel of land, together with
the saw mill, mill saw, irons, and all the water privileges adjoining
said land, described as follows (viz.), situated in said Indian Stream
Territory and the bounds of the first piece or parcel beginning at
the mouth of Back Lake Brook so-called, thence running up the
middle of said brook about twelve and one half rods opposite to
a stake and stones standing on the west side of said Brook, thence
running a northeasterly course about 22 rods to a stake and stones
standing on the south side of the road leading from Zebulon Flan-
ders to Ebenezer Fletcher's, thence crossing said road and running
north six degrees east nineteen rods to a stake and stones, thence
west six degrees north about fifty-eight rods to a stake and stones
on the line dividing the lots number eight and number nine accord-
ing to Ladd's survey, thence south six degrees west on said division
line to said road as noted and laid out by a committee in A. D.
1830, thence westerly following down said road on the south side
thereof about sixty-four rods to the west line of said lot number
eight, it being the lot on which Samuel Osborn now lives, thence
south six degrees west on the line which divides said lot number

46 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

eight from Ebenezer Fletcher's land, called his mill lot, to Connect-
icut River, thence up said river such a course and direction as to
contain and cover all the water privileges for mills and other
machinery adjoining said land to the bounds begun at, meaning
hereby to sell and convey twenty acres of land, exclusive of the
road, ten acres off of the south end of said lot number eight, and ten
acres off of the southwesterly corner of lot number nine, according
to said Ladd's survey, be the same more or less, and also another
piece or parcel of land containing one half acre by measure, on which
Elijah Sawyer now lives and holds by purchase of said Samuel
Osborn, together with the house and all the privileges and appur-
tenances to the same belonging. "^^

This house and mill property was located on the
west side of Back Lake brook, where it flows into the
Connecticut river, about seventy-five rods to the north
of where the present post office of Pittsburg stands.
Still farther down the Connecticut was Fletcher's mill,
and the half mile or so between the Fletcher and Parker
places, occupied now by Pittsburg, was the center of
interest for Indian Stream during the two years and
some months of Luther Parker's residence there.

To become acquainted with the circumstances which
make these years important, it will be necessary to
return to March 5, 1832.

NOTES

1 C, p. 225.

2 Hist. Coos Co., p. 703.

3 Report of Indian Stream Com., pp. 226-229.

* Something about the Ancestors of Captain Caleb Parker.
Detroit: Wm. Graham's Steam Presses, 1877.
6 lUd.
6 4, p. 8.
T 4, p. 10.

8 4, p. 18.

9 4, p. 22.
i"C, p. 225.

" Joshua Parker, Jr.'s, field of oats ripened one year about the

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 47

last of September, and was covered by a snowstorm before he could
harvest it.

12 4, p. 24.

13 4, p. 36.

" C, p. 289.

" C, pp. 291-292.

CHAPTER 7
Indian Stream Territory, U. S. A.

The minutes of the meeting of March 5, 1832, are as
follows :

Indian Stream Territory, alias Bedel's Grant, March 5, 1832.

The inhabitants of said Territory met agreeable to notice.

Opened meeting by reading warrant by the Clerk.

1st, Chose David Mitchell Moderator.
John Haynes, Clerk.

2nd, Chose John A. Mitchell Clerk.

3rd, Voted to adjourn this meeting for half an hour.

The meeting was opened according to adjournment.

4th, Voted that the inhabitants on the west side of Indian Stream
be considered as legal voters as formerly until some other regula-
tion take place.

5th, Voted to proceed to the choice of judges.

6th, Voted to reconsider the vote to proceed to the choice of judges.

7th, Voted to proceed to the choice of judges.

8th, Chose Mr. Abner Hyland first judge.

9th, Chose Mr. Burleigh Blood second judge.

10th, Chose Mr. Clark J. Haynes third judge.

11th, Voted to proceed to the choice of a sheriff.

12th, Chose Mr. Herman Bachelder for sheriff.

13th, Voted to choose in each highway district one man to super-
intend at funerals and act as sexton.

14th, Chose Mr. Luther Parker in the district at the Lake.

15th, Chose Mr. David Mitchell in the next district.

16th, Chose Mr. Reuben Sawyer in the next district.

17th, Chose Mr. Clark J. Haynes in the next district.

18th, Chose Elijah C. Sawyer in the next district.

19th, Chose Abner Hyland in the next district.

20th, Chose Jeremy George in the next district.

21st, Chose Jolm A. Mitchell to take acknowledgment of deeds.

22nd, Voted that the clerk be recorder of deeds.

23rd, Voted to choose three men as fence viewers.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

24th, Chose Mr. Burleigh Blood first.

25th, Chose Mr. Jonathan Hartwell second.

26th, Chose Mr. Nathan Judd thhd.

27th, Voted to choose a committee of three to see what shall be
done with regard to paying duties on property carried out of this
place.

28th, Chose Mr. Luther Parker, Mr. Clark J. Haynes, and Nathan
Judd for said committee.

29th, Voted to raise taxes in the usual way.

30th, Voted to raise three hundred dollars highway tax.

31st, Voted that each able-bodied man be allowed one dollar a
day for each day's work done from the first day of June to the first
day of September.

32rd, Voted that before and after said time 50 cents a day
only be allowed.

33rd, Chose Luther Parker ,

34th,

" John A. Mitchell >
" Ross HajTies

Assessors of taxes.

35th,

36th,

" Nathan Judd highw

surveyor of district

. no. 1.

37th,

" Simeon Wright "

no. 2.

38th,

Sampson Rowell "

no. 3.

39th,

" Reuben Sawyer "

no. 4.

40th,

" Simon Danforth "

no. 5.

41st,

" Edmund Heath "

no. 6.

42nd,

Luther Parker "

no. 7.

43rd,

Jonathan French

no. 8.

44th, Voted to choose a committee of six to adopt some measure to
prevent people from cheating, Ij^ing, and swindling people out of
their property.

45th, Chose Sampson Rowell, Elijah C. Sawyer, Reuben Sawyer,
Jolm Haynes, Esq., Jonathan Hartwell, Phinehas Willard for said
committee.

46th, The above committee report that they do not find it expe-
dient for them to act on the above named business, but refer it to
the judges.

47th, The committee chosen to see what should be done with
respect to paying duties carried out of this place reported, to form
a society, &c.

48th, Voted that the report of the committee be accepted.

49th, Voted that any person wishing to be married can be pub-
lished by the clerk and married by any ordained minister.

50 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

50th, Voted that the judges or any one of them has the power to
administer oaths to witnesses in any case brought before them.

51st, Voted to dissolve this meeting, and it was accordingly dis-
solved.

John A. Mitchell, Clerk.^

As we have already stated, these minutes supplement
the evidence of the inventories for taxes in demonstrat-
ing the existence of a form of government at Indian
Stream prior to 1832. Their reference to the con-
tinuation of the voting privilege on the part of those
residing to the west of Indian Stream, to the raising of
taxes "in the usual way," and to the raising of three
hundred dollars highway tax — all this indicates that
we are dealing with an assembly which is not acting
without precedent, whether established by an assem-
bly of identical character and composition, or one of
less formal nature. Arguing from the known custom
of meeting from this time forward annually on the first
Monday in March, perhaps we may infer that annual
meetings had already become established.

But the minutes indicate also something of the spirit
of unrest and innovation. The vote to choose super-
intendents of funerals, to see about "paying duties,"
to fix the wage of men who should work for the com-
munity, to choose highway surveyors, and perhaps
the vote to choose judges and sheriff, seem to say
that an attempt was on foot to tighten the hitherto
loose bonds of organization and administration. The
community had now seventy-nine polls, according to
the tax roll, and there was a certain degree of discontent
caused by conditions both internal and external.

Two or three sources of dissatisfaction are definitely
referred to in the minutes. The election of the "fence
viewers" indicates a common cause of trouble. The
vote to choose a committee to "adopt some measure

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 51

to prevent people from cheating, lying, and swindling
people out of their property " needs, of course, no com-
ment. The following little preamble to an agreement
entered into on February 11, less than a month before,
between Justice B. Davis and Phineas Willard,
"Whereas, there is no law in this place for the collec-
tion of debts, except we are a law unto ourselves, I, the
subscriber, therefore volunteer freely, and of my own
accord agree and promise, etc.," — is an indication of
the same source of trouble. ^

The assumption usual in regard to border settlements,
however, should not be too readily made in the case of
Indian Stream. The conclusion that the region was a
haven for the lawless and indebted, who trusted in the
ambiguity of its location for protection against legal
authority, is unwarranted by its history. Indian
Stream had its disorders, but nothing is more certain,
in the light of the record of their activities, than that
the great majority of the settlers were men of good
character, serious purpose, common sense, and no mean
degree of ability. The amount of lawlessness from
which the community suffered was probably the mini-
mum, and the serious attitude assumed toward it was
due to the natural Anglo-Saxon desire to enjoy perfect
system.

There were, however, external as well as internal
sources of unrest. So far we have barely alluded to
them, but our narrative calls now for fuller mention.

The external sources of trouble had their origin in
the disputed identity of the Indian Stream country.
Prior to the Ashburton treaty in 1842, while it was for
the greater part of the time assumed that the district
was within the bounds of the United States, there was
always a greater or less degree of ambiguity regarding
its status.

52 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

The treaty of 1783 defined the boundary between
the United States and the Dominion of Canada as
extending "along the ^aid highlands which divide the
rivers that empty themselves in the River St. Lawrence
from those that fall into the Atlantic Ocean, to the
northwesternmost head of Connecticut River, thence
down the middle of that river to the 45th degree of
north latitude; thence by a line due west . . ."

As the upper Connecticut valley was at that time
remote from civilization and inhabited only by Indians,
it is probable that the framers of the treaty were not
well enough acquainted with its physiography to realize
that their phrase contained a contradiction. The fact
is that at the end of the highland bound mentioned it
is the head of Hall's Stream which is the continuation
of the intended boundary line, and not the Connecticut,
whose headwaters are aside from it to the southwest.

The issue, therefore, was as to whether the intent of
the Treaty of 1783 was to be regarded, or its wording.
The Americans held to the manifest intent, and claimed
Hall's Stream as the boundary; the British held as
strongly for the wording, and claimed the Connecticut
river as the line.

In 1789 Jeremiah Eames of Stewartstown, and others,
surveyed the headwaters of the region, and ran the
boundary line from near the pond at the source of
the Connecticut westward across the head of Indian
Stream to the head of Hall's Stream, and thence down
that stream to the 45th parallel. Colonel Eames and
his party were acting under a state commission.^ For
all the time up to 1834 the connection of the district
was mainly with New Hampshire, so far as legal rela-
tions were concerned; its inhabitants went to New
Hampshire for their bounties, were married under New
Hampshire laws, and were from time to time subjected
to the serving of New Hampshire process.*

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 53

The ambiguity of the boundary, however, was never
forgotten. Both governments were conscious of it in
1800, and in 1814 the Treaty of Ghent was cognizant
of it. In 1819 an attempt to reach a solution of the
difficulty by means of Canadian and American commis-
sioners resulted in nothing. In 1827 the question was
submitted for arbitration to the King of the Nether-
lands, who recognized the British claim; but the Ameri-
cans still held for the highland bound and Hall's
Stream, and practically disregarded the award of 1827.^
The state of New Hampshire, which had occasionally
served process through the deputies of Coos county —
there is evidence of such action as early as about 1806,
and for 1808 or soon after, for 1817, and on up to
1827^ — continued to assert jurisdiction in the same
way. We have seen that in 1824 she repudiated the
claim of the proprietors on the basis of the deed of Philip,
and quieted the settlers.

But the Indian Stream country had never been with-
out those who wished to be, or even claimed to be,
independent both of Canada and the United States.
As early as 1807 there was a petition before the legis-
lature praying the state to relinquish its claim to the
territory, which was, of course, refused.^ For reasons
not hard to understand the proprietors were not anx-
ious for the state to interfere, especially after the action
of 1824; and there were not a few settlers who had
reasons, also not hard to understand, for not wishing
to be under regularly constituted authority.

The spirit of independence begotten by the ambigu-
ous boundary line was fostered by it. Again and again
the Coos county deputies met with evasion and resist-
ance on their missions to Indian Stream. At least by
1830 resistance to New Hampshire had been erected
into a principle held by the greater number of the inhab-

54 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

itants. Until the boundary question was settled, they
asserted, they were a territory independent of any
jurisdiction but their own. They might, indeed, belong
to the United States, but not to New Hampshire.

But the state of independence had its disadvantages.
In 1831 the Federal officers of New Hampshire and
Vermont, taking the Indian Stream people at their
word, assumed that they were outside of the United
States, and levied customs duties on their goods as
they entered the states. The Indian Stream frame of
mind at this unexpected development is reflected in the
above recited minute of March 5, 1832, recording the
vote to "choose a committee of three to see what shall
be done with regard to paying duties on goods carried
out of this place", and in the minute recording their
recommendation to "form a society, etc."

There was a still more serious external relation to deal
with than this, however. This was the relation with
Canada. Canadian assertions to authority seem to
have been negligible up to shortly after the award of
1827; at least, Canada made no actual attempt at juris-
diction. No doubt the people of Indian Stream felt
that if the state of New Hampshire left them in peace
their problem was practically solved.

But with the award of the Ejng of the Netherlands
there came a change in the attitude of the northern
neighbor. From about this time, according to unani-
mous agreement, Alexander Rea, a Canadian justice
residing at Hereford, not many miles from Hall's
Stream, began to insist on the right of Great Britain.^
In 1831 it is said that the Canadian government even
exacted the performance of military duty on the part
of certain of the Indian Stream citizens.

This was in the same year that the Federal officers
collected duties on their goods, and it is quite natural

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 55

to suppose that both circumstances were in no slight
measure destructive of Indian Stream peace of mind.
In the excitement caused by them we may see one of
the chief causes of the meeting of March 5, 1832, and
the consequent steps toward absolutely independent
government.

For the movement toward self-government did not
stop with March 5. Impelled by threatened trouble
from both sides and from within, and also inspired by
an absorbing interest in their experiment, they fol-
lowed up the March meeting with another in June.

The minutes of the June meeting are as follows:

Indian Stream Territory, June 11th, 1832.
The inha(bitants of Indian Stream) met agree (able to notice and
opened) meeting by the clerk's reading the (warrant) .
Article 1st, Chose Mr. David Mitchell Moderator.
Article 2nd, Voted to adjourn this meeting for the (space of one)
hour. The meeting (was opened according) to adjournment.

Article 3rd, Voted to make and mant Bill of Rights,

etc.

Article 4th, Voted to choose a comini(ttee and that the com)niittee
be required to draft constitution for the inhabit (ants of In-
dian Stream) and report as soon as con(venient ) of laws for

the government (of said Indian Stream) Territory as they deem
neces(sary for the preservation of) order and peace in society till
(such time as the) boundary line is established between the Prov-
ince of Lower Canada and (the United States.)
5th Chose David Mitchell. '
" Luther Parker

" Phinehas Willard \ Committee.

" Herman Batchelder
" Nathan Judd i

6th, Voted that the above committee be authorized to direct the
clerk to call a meeting to hear their report when they think it expe-
dient.

7th, Voted to dissolve this meeting, and it was dissolved accord-
ingly.

John A. Mitchell, Clerk.'

56 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

The committee thus chosen duly finished its labors,
and in the following month presented its report.

The meeting was called on July 9, 1832, and its
minutes are as follows :

Indian Stream Territory Ss., July 9, 1832.
The inhabitants who are legal voters of said territory met agree-
able to notice and opened the meeting by the Clerk reading the
warrant and voted to adjourn the meeting 30 minutes. The meet-
ing was opened according to adjournment and chose David Mitchell
Moderator. Then the committee chosen at a special meeting held
June 11, 1832, to draft a constitution, etc., consisting of Messrs.
David Mitchell, Luther Parker, Phineas Willard, Herman Bachelder,
and Nathan Judd, made their report. When a vote was passed to
adjourn 15 minutes, the meeting was opened according to adjourn-
ment, and the following Constitution was adopted.^"

NOTES

1 4, pp. 17, 23.

2 C, p. 237.

3 Report of Indian Stream Com., p. 193 f.

* Ihid, pp. 205, 209, ff.
6 Aldrich, 379.

6 Report of Indian Stream Com., pp. 203, 205, 217.

■' Ihid, p. 217.

8 Report of Indian Stream Com., p. 207 and passim.

* 4, p. 27. The upper corner of the leaf is missing.

" 4, p. 28, and C, p. 1. I know of no basis for the statement in
Bacon, The Connecticut River, and the Fergusson history that the
Indian Stream government was formed in 1829.

CHAPTER 8

The Indian Stream Constitution

Peeamble

Whereas we the inhabitants of the tract of land situated be-
tween Hall's Stream and the stream issueing from Lake Connecti-
cut being the disputed tract of country near the head of Connecticut
River which is claimed by the United States and Great Britain
respectively and generally known by the name of Indian Stream
and whereas we are deprived of the protection of the Laws of any
Government but that of our own until such time as the Boundary
line between the two Governments shall be established, and the time
in which that will take place is to us unknow n, and w'hereas it is
our ardent desire to live in peace, Harmony and good order & con-
sidering that these great and good objects cannot be fully enjoyed
without some wholesome rules, regulations, or code of laws, and
considering it the unalienable right of all people situated as w^e are
wherever in the course of providence their lot is cast, and a priviledge
which they are in duty bound to improve to strive by all laudable
means to take and adopt such measures as shall be best calculated
to promote peace and good order in society among themselves while
in their present state as well as to prepare them for useful citizens
should they hereafter become a constituent part of some other gov-
ernment and whereas it has been the custom of the inhabitants of
this place to meet from time to time & pass such votes and by
laws as they deemed necessary for their regulation and support of
order without annexing penalties to enforce them, and as the popu-
lation and improvements have considerably increased and consid-
ering the great importance of making provision for the benefit of the
rising generation, of adopting and enforcing Laws on a more perma-
nent Basis for the support of schools and other public improvements
and maintaning & supporting good order in society. And believing
the time has now arrived when we must as a body politick make and
enforce Laws sufficient to protect and defend the different members
of the community and redress the grievances and adjust the dis-
putes and controversies which occasionally arise among them or
they will assume the right of individually redressing their own griev-
ances and avenging their own injuries, and considering the power of

58 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

self-love in prejudicing the mind where the individuals are interested
and act under the impulse of passion, we believe that if the different
members of society are permitted to become their own avengers
they would commit great injustice and become aggressors, that
retaliation would produce fresh injuries, & call into action the worst
passions of the heart, which would throw our society into a state of
Anarchy & confusion, which would destroy all the peace happiness
and pleasant prospects we have heretofore enjoyed —

Therefore we the inhabitants of Indian Stream territory being
assembled in general meeting and having considered our situation
& circumstances with all the impartiality and candour wliich we are
capable of exercising, feel a full conviction that under existing cir-
cumstances we cannot apply to any government for protection with
any probability of success — But by the agreement between the United
States & Great Britain that neither party should exercise jurisdic-
tion over the disputed Territory we are left to our own resources for
preserving order in society without any probability of receiving any
assistance from either government, or any change in our circum-
stances till the boundary line is established, we therefore believe
that wliile it is unlcnown to what Government w^e owe allegiance we
possess full right and imperative necessity requires that we should
adopt some form of Government which will secure the rights, happi-
ness, and prosperity of the people who inhabit this Territory and
feel confident by so doing we shall promote the interest and secure
the approbation of the Government to which we shall eventually
belong —

Therefore resolved that to preserve union among ourselves,
establish Justice, ensure domestic tranquility provide for our
common security and defence and secure the important Blessings
of civilized society. We do ordain and establish this Constitution and
the principles of Government therein contained for our future guide
and direction in forming and enforcing Laws for the government of
the territory of Indian Stream.

Constitution of Indian Stream

Part First — Bill of Rights

Article 1st. All men are born equally free and independent there-
fore all government of right originates from the people, is founded
in common consent and instituted for the public good.

Article 2nd. Every man has a natural, essential, and unalienable
right to worship God according to the dictates of his own con-

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 59

science and reason, and is not accountable to any human tribimal,
for his religious opinions or practices, provided he does not
encroach upon the civil or religious rights of others.

Article 3rd. All men have certain natural and essential civil rights,
among which are the enjoymg and defending life and liberty;
acquiring, possessing, & protecting property; and in a word of
seeking and obtaining happiness. Hence arises the right of con-
trolling those vicious members of society, who invade the rights
of others.

Article 4th. When men enter into a state of society, they surrender
up some of their natural rights to that society, in order to secure
the protection of others.

Article 5th. Government being instituted for the common benefit,
protection & security of the whole community, and not for the
private interest or emolument of any one man, family, or class of
men; therefore every member of the community has an equal
right to be protected by it, in the enjoyment of his life, liberty,
and property, and is equally bound to contribute his share in the
expence of such protection, and to yield his personal service when
necessary.

Article 6th. Every subject of the government has a right to a cer-
tain remedy by having recourse to the Laws for all injuries he may
receive in his person, property or character; to obtain right and
justice freely and completely, without any denial, promptly and
without delay conformably to the Laws.

Article 7th. No subject shall be held to answer for any crime or
offence, until the same is fully, plainly, and substantially described
to him, nor be compelled to accuse, or furnish evidence against
himself: And every subject shall have a right to produce all proof
that may be favorable to himself, to meet the witnesses against
him face to face, and be fully heard in his defence by himself or
counsel, and no subject shall be arrested, imprisoned, deprived of
his property or privileges, put out of the protection of the laws,
exiled, or deprived of his life, liberty, or estate, but by the Judg-
ment of his Peers, or the law of the land.

Article 8th. No subject shall be liable to be tried after an acquittal
for the same offence; nor shall the General Assembly make any
law, that shall subject any person to corporeal punishment
(excepting for the government of the militia while in actual ser-
vice) without trial by Jury.

Article 9th. All pimishment ought to be proportioned to the nature
of the offence and no excessive cruel or unusual punishment

60 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

shall be inflicted — the true design of all punishment being to
reform and not to exterminate mankind.

Article 10th. Every subject hath a right to be secure from all
unreasonable searches or seizures of liis person, papers and all
his possessions — therefore all searches and seizures are contrary to
this right, if not made by an oflBcer authorized by Law acting by
authority of a warrant the cause or foundation of which hath been
confirmed by oath with a special designation of the persons or
objects of search or arrest or seizure.

Article 11th. All elections ought to be free and every inhabitant
having the proper qualifications has an equal right to elect & be
elected into office, to enjoy the freedom of speech & debate and
act on all business before the general assembly.

Article 12th. All power residing originally in and being derived
from the people all the magistrates and oflScers of Government
are their substitutes and agents and at all times accountable to
them.

Article 13th. Man being originally formed by his Creator for
society and social intercourse & for mutually aiding, assist-
ing and defending each other and promoting their mutual wel-
fare and happiness therefore all societies of men placed by cir-
cumstances of fortune without the Jurisdiction or control of any
other society or Government have a right to unite togather and
institute such government for the regulation of their society as
they deem most conducive to the general good, and where a large
majority of the people so situated unite together and establish a
government the minority of right ought to submit to the majority
and be controlled by them.

Part Second — Form of Government

The people inhabiting the Territory formerly called Indian Stream
Territory do hereby solemnly and mutually agree with each other to
form themselves into a body politic by the name of Indian Stream
and in that capacity to exercise all the powers of a free, sovereign
and independent state, so far as it relates to our own internal Gov-
ernment till such time as we can ascertain to what government we
properly belong.

The supreme legislative power within this place shall be vested in
a Council and assembly. The council and assembly shall meet
every year on the second monday in March and at such other times
as the council may Judge necessary and shall be styled the general
assembly of Indian Stream. The general assembly shall have full

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 61

power and authority to erect and constitute courts to be holden in
the name of the people for trying & determining all manner of
crimes, offences, Pleas, actions, causes or controversies whatsoever
which may arise or happen, or concern persons, inhabiting or resid-
ing within this place, whether the same be criminal or civil or
whether the crimes be capital or not capital, and for awarding Judg-
ment and issuing executions thereon to which courts are granted
full power to administer Oaths or affirmations for the better dis-
covery of truth in any matter depending before them, and further
full power is hereby granted to said General assembly from time to
time to make and establish all manner of wholesome and reasonable
Laws and regulations either with or without penalties so as the
same be not repugnant to this constitution as they may Judge for
the benefit and welfare of this people and for the necessary support
and defence of the Government thereof.

The Assembly

Every male inhabitant of Indian Stream who is twentj'-one years
of age or over and has resided in this place three months next pre-
ceding any annual session, shall be admitted as a member of the
assembly on taking the following oath:

I Solemnly Swear that to the best of my power and ability I will
support inviolate the constitution and laws of Indian Stream. So
help me God.

A majority of the members of the assembly shall Constitute a
quorum for transacting business, and no business shall be acted
upon by the assemblj'^ unless a majority of the members are present.

No bills, acts, or resolves shall originate in the assembly but the
assembly may fill up Blanks left for the purpose and return the Bills,
acts, or resolves to the council with the amendments proposed and
if the council concur in the amendment they shall return the Bills,
acts, or resolves with the amendments inserted or propose other
amendments, but if the council do not concur they shall return the
bills, acts, or resolves with their objections then if two thirds of the
members of the assembly present persist in their amendments the
Clerk shall insert the amendments and the Bill, act, or resolve, shall
become a Law without being signed by the council as provided in
other cases.

The assembly shall have power to form all necessary rules (not
repugnant to the constitution) for preserving order and transacting
business in the house during the session, and appoint all necessary
officers to carrv them into effect.

62 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Every member of the assembly who is hereafter convicted, in
due course of Law of Perjury or other high crimes and misdemeanors-
shall be expelled from the assembly and his name stricken from the
roll thereof by the Clerk.

The name of every member who has been absent from this place
for the space of six months next preceding any session of the assem-
bly, or who may be removed by death shall be erased from the roll
by the clerk.

The assembly shall have power to choose or appoint all civil
officers required by the Constitution or Laws of Indian Stream for
the Government thereof.

The assembly shall have power to adjourn from time to time til
the business of the session is completed but no adjournment shall
exceed three days at any one time without the consent of the
council.

The Council

The Council shall consist of five members chosen annually by
ballot by the assembly except in cases hereafter provided on the
second monday of March whose term of office shall commence
immediately after the close of the session at which they were chosen
and expire at the close of the next annual session.

Full power is hereby granted to the council to meet as often as
they deem necessary and they are required to watch over the gen-
eral peace and safety of the inhabitants to draft prepare, and report
to the assembly, all such Bills, acts and resolves, for making Laws and
regulations in this place as they consider necessary for the public
good, To commission such officers chosen or appointed by the assem-
bly or Militia as are by the constitution or Laws required to be com-
missioned by the council and administer the oath of office. To cause
complaint to be made and prosecute to final Judgment before any
Court proper to try the same all persons subject to indictment for
any criminal offence against the peace and dignity of the people.

The council are vested with full power and authority to command
the militia by ordering and giving instructions to the officers thereof,
and for the special defence and safety of the place to assemble them
in martial array to lead and conduct them and with them to en-
counter repulse, resist and pursue by force of arms within the
limits of this place and also to Kill, slay & destroy if necessary,
and conquer and compel to obedience to the laws by all fitting ways
and means all and every such person or persons as shall at any future
time in a hostile manner attempt the destruction or annoyance of

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 63

tlie inhabitants of this place or rise in insurrection against the Gov-
ernment or Laws thereof.

Full power is hereby vested in the council of pardoning and
remitting the punishment in the name and behalf of the people of
all criminals convicted of criminal offences against the laws of Indian
Stream in whose favour such palliating circumstances may appear as
will convince the council that their punishment can be remitted
without injury to society.

Whenever the council desire a special session of the assembly
they shall notify the members by posting a notification designating
the time and place of meeting at or near the dwelling house of
Ebenezer Fletcher, at the assembly rooms and at the house of
Peter Barnes at least six days before such session and they are
required to post with the notification a copy of all Bills, Acts, or
Resolves which they intend to report for the consideration of the
assembly at said Special meeting. The council are further required
to post a copy of all Bills, Acts, & Resolves intended to be reported
for the consideration of the assembly at the annual session at the
three before mentioned places at least fourteen days before said
session.

All Bills, Acts & Resolves passed by the assembly and approved
by the Council shall be signed by them and recorded and attested by
the clerk before they become a law of the land.

Provided that in all cases where the council is mentioned a major-
ity of that body shall be considered the council.

Court of Error

The Council shall constitute a high court of error and in that
capacity full power is hereby vested in them to issue writs of error
and stop execution upon the Judgments of all courts hereafter estab-
lished in this place in all cases where such testimony and e\'idence
is produced before them as shall render it highly probable that such
Judgment was founded on an erroneous construction of the law, or is
contrary to law or the principles of this constitution, and to issue
their mandate to the Justice or Justices of Said court, commanding
them to reverse or correct their Judgment so as to render it conform-
able to the true intent and meaning of the constitution and Laws of
Indian Stream in all cases where after full investigation they find
such Judgment was erroneously rendered.

Provided that no evidence or testimony in the case shall be pro-
duced before the court of error which was not brought in evidence
or plea before the court or is contained in the records thereof upon
whose Judgment complaint of error is made.

64 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Encoubagement of Literature and Moral Virtue

Knowledge and Learning generally diffused through a community
being essential for the preservation of a free government, and spread-
ing the opportunities and advantages of education through the
various parts of the community being highly conducive to promote
this end it shall be the duty of the Legislators and Magistrates in all
future periods of this Government to cherish the interest of Litera-
ture and sciences and public schools, to countenance and inculcate
the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public &
private charity, industry & economy. Honesty and punctuality,
sincerity & sobriety, and all social affections and generous senti-
ments among the people.

Writs, &c.

All writs issued by any court of Law shall be in the name of the
inhabitants of Indian Stream, and all indictments, presentments,
& informations shall conclude against the peace and dignity of the
people.

Oath of Office

Every officer accepting the trust before he proceeds to execute
the duties of his office shall make and subscribe the following decla-
ration.

I, A. B., do solemnly and sincerely swear and affirm that I will
faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties
incumbent on me as . . . according to the best of my abilities
agreeable to the constitution and Laws of Indian Stream. So help
me God.

Provisions

Provided if by any casualty circumstance it should so happen
that a quorum of the assembly should not be present at any annual
session all officers whose term of office would otherwise expire at
that session shall continue in office til others are chosen or appointed
to superscede them.

The general assembly shall have power to make Laws for raising,
assessing & collecting taxes for the support of government, Laying
out making & repairing highways and Bridges & for the support
of Public schools and other public purposes to be apportioned among
the people in the most equal manner that circumstances wil' admit.
And shall provide for and reasonably compensate the council and

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 65

clerk and all such other officers as by law shall be authorized to
receive compensation from the people for their services rendered.

Provided that nothing in this constitution shall be so construed
as to prevent the members of the council from acting and voting in
the assembly the same as other members.

The Clerk of the assembly shall superscede the clerk of Indian
Stream Territory and keep and preserve all public records hereto-
fore made, and shall record keep and preserve all public records
hereafter, and perform all duties required of him by law.

Provided that if any officer shall remove from this place, or re-
sign or is removed by death thereby leaving his office vacant the
council shall fill the vacancy by appointing such person as they
consider qualified to discharge the duties of the office, to fill such
vacancy.

Provided that all the Laws rules and regulations which have
heretofore been adopted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream Terri-
tory shall remain and be in full force until altered or repealed bythe
general assembly such parts thereof only excepted as are repugnant
to the rights & liberties contained in this constitution.

Provisions for Adopting the Constitution and Laws Re-
ported BY the Committee, & for Carrying Them into
Immediate Effect

Provided that after the committee shall have reported this con-
stitution at the meeting specially called for that purpose the moder-
ator shall put the question to the people in the following words;
is this constitution approved and shall it be adopted and shall
then from a roll prepared by the clerk containing the name of every
legal voter in this place (errors excepted) proceed and call the name
of every voter contained in the roll, and receive their vote bj^ their
answering yea or nay, and the clerk shall record every vote given
against the name of the voter who gave it.

The moderator shall then say if there is any voter present
whose name has not been called he is requested to come forward and
give his vote.

The moderator shall then cast up all the yeas and nays and declare
the number of all the votes given and the number of the yeas and
nays seperately and if it shall then appear that two thirds of all the
votes given are yeas, the moderator shall declare this constitution
is adopted, but if it shall appear that less than two thirds of all the
votes given are yeas, the moderator shall declare this constitution
is not adopted.
5

66 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Provided further that if this constitution is adopted every legal
voter at this time desirous of becoming a member of the assembly
shall present himself to the Clerk who shall then enroll the names
of said voters and administer the oath prescribed in the Consti-
tution.

And in all cases where the Clerk shall enroll and admit persons as
members of the assembly he shall certify in the following form:
That on the day of in the year personally appeared

before me the above named Inhabitants of Indian Stream and were
duly qualified and admitted members of the assembly agreeable to
the constitution. A. B., Clerk of Indian Stream.

The moderator of the meeting shall then call the members of the
assembly to order and call for the ballots for a speaker of the assem-
bly the member having a majority of all the votes given shall be
declared Elected. They shall proceed in the same manner to elect
a Clerk. The Moderator shall then administer the oath of office to
the Clerk, & the Clerk to the speaker, the moderator shall then
declare the assembly organized and the meeting dissolved. The
assembly shall then proceed to transact what is proper to be done
by the General Assembly at the annual session the Committee
which reported this Constitution being authorized to act as council
til the close of the session.

And Provided further that all Bills, acts, and resolves reported by
the committee shall not be barred by reason of not having been
posted but shall be considered constitutionally reported to the
assembly.

And provided that the term of office of all officers chosen or
appointed at this session shall expire the same as though they had
commenced on the second monday in March last.

Provision for Altering and Amending this Constitution

The Speaker of the assembly shall at every annual session when
a quorum is present put the question, is it necessary to alter or
amend the Constitution and take the vote by Yeas and Nays by
calling the name of every member and if a majority of all the mem-
bers are in favor of altering or amending the Constitution, the
speaker shall declare it necessary to alter & amend the Constitu-
tion. The assembly shall then choose a committee to prepare such
alterations in the constitution as they think necessary to be ap-
proved by the assembly at a special meeting to be holden expressly
for that purpose, or at any session of the assembly legally held, and

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 67

when the committee have proposed their alteration or amendment
the speaker shall put the question, shall these alterations and
amendments be made and adopted into the constitution, and take
the vote by yeas & nays as above and if two thirds of all the
members present shall vote in favor of the question the speaker
shall declare the alterations and amendments are made in the con-
stitution but if two thirds of all the members present do not vote
in favor of the question the speaker shall declare no alteration or
amendment is made in the constitution.

Provided that nothing contained in this constitution shall be so
construed as to extend the Jurisdiction of this government over any
inhabitants settled on the east side of Halls Stream if any there
are who are included within the chartered limits of Hereford.

NOTE

The constitution is contained in C, pp. 1-11. The pimctuation
and spelling of the manuscript are closely followed here and in the
following chapters.

CHAPTER 9

The Assembly of 1832
The minutes of the meeting of July 9, 1832, continue:

The vote for adopting the Constitution was as follows Yeas 56,
Nays 3. Whole number 59.

List of Members op the General Assembly

Peter Barnes
Zacheus Clough
Benjamin Coon
William Fessenden
Burleigh Blood
*David Eaton
John Haynes
Rufus Hartwell
John Robie
Daniel Rogers
Clark J. Haynes
Nathaniel Perkins
Enoch Can
Simeon Wright
Reuben Sawyer
Alanson Cumings
John H. Tyler

Timothy N. Haynes
Sampson Thirston
*Nathaniel French
*Nathaniel Snow
*Hermon Bachelder
*David Tyler
*Ebenezer Gitchell
Jonathan French
Sampson Rowell
John Langdon Haynes
*Jeremy George
Ross C. Haynes
Jonathan Hartwell
Ebenezer Fletcher
Aaron Judd
Phinehas Willard
Jeremiah Tabor
Richard I. Blanchard

Samuel Drown
Samuel Orsborn
Nathan Judd
Luther Parker
Stilman Martin
Elijah C. Sawyer
*Josiah Lamb
Emer Applebee
John McConnell
Wells Wright
John H. Perry
Abner Hyland
John A. IVIitchell
David Mitchell
Nathan J. Perry
Ira C. Bowen
George W. Bunnel

On the ninth day of July in the year one thousand Eight hundred
and thirty two. Personally appeared before me the above named
inhabitants of Indian Stream and were duly qualified and admitted
members of the assembly agreeable to the Constitution.

John A. Mitchell, Clerh of Indian Stream.^

Indian Stream, July 9th, 1832.
The Assembly was then called to order by the Moderator and
David Mitchell was chosen Speaker & John A. Mitchell Clerk and
took the oath of oflfice as prescribed by the constitution.

These names are cancelled in the record.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 69

The meeting was then declared dissolved and the assembly organ-
ized.

Voted that the former rules and regulations for the government
of the house be adopted until others are made.

Chose Phinehas Willard, Luther Parker, David Mitchell, Nathan-
iel Perkins, and John Haynes members of the Coimcil.

Voted to choose three Justices of the peace.

Chose Nathan Judd, Clark J. Haynes, Burleigh Blood, Justices of
the peace.

Voted that the Council draft a set of rules for the government of
the house when in session. ^

An Act to Establish Courts of Justice ^

Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in General
assembly convened. That from and after the passing of this act
Every Justice of the Peace who shall be Legally appointed and duly
qualified in this place shall constitute a Court of competent Juris-
diction for the trial of all actions Pleas & controversies which may
be brought before them in the name and behalf of the people and
for rendering Judgment for debt or damage and reasonable Costs
& issueing execution thereon.

And be it further enacted that at all trials before a Justice the
parties or either of them shall have a right to a Jury to be appointed
as hereinafter provided.

And be it further enacted that it shall be the duty of the coimcil
immediately after they are appointed annually to make out a list of
twenty four names of the legal voters in this place such as they shall
consider qualified to serve as Jurors & write their names on separate
pieces of paper & put them into a Box or Boxes to be provided for
that purpose and shall deliver to each Justice a Box containing the
names as aforesaid to be kept by the said Justices, and in all cases
where a trial is pending & the parties or either of them request a
Jury, the Justice before whom the trial is to be held shall draw from
the Box six names & the persons whose names shall be so drawn
shall compose the Jury to serve at the trial imless it shall appear
that any whose names shall have been Drawn as aforesaid shall be
a party concerned or in any way interested in the event of said trial
in that case the Justice shall return the name or names of such
person or persons into the Box and proceed to draw others to serve
in their stead, and the Jurors drawn as aforesaid shall be notified

70 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

by the sheriflf to attend at the time and place of such court and
before proceedmg on any trial in civil actions the Justice shall ad-
minister to the Jury the following Oath: You solemnly swear that
in all causes betwixt party & party that shall be committed unto
you, you will give a true verdict according to Law & the evidence
before you. So help you God.

And be it further enacted that in all civil actions hereafter com-
menced the writ shall be served on the defendant by the sheriff at
least seven daj's before the court.

And be it further enacted the Justices appointed as aforesaid
shall have Jurisdiction of aU criminal as civil actions, provided that
in all cases where complaint is made or criminal action is brought
before a Justice, said Justice may have one or more Justices to sit
with him on trial of such complaint or action may enlarge the Jury
to the number of twelve.

Provided that nothing in this act shall be so construed as to
affect any former proceeding either civil or criminal which has been
had before any Couit heretofore, or any debts heretofore contracted.
But all such cases shall be settled agreeable to the rules & regula-
tions heretofore adopted.

And be it further enacted that all courts established before the
adoption of this constitution the same are hereby abolished.

And be it further enacted that in all criminal causes before pro-
ceeding in the trial the Justice before whom such cause is brought,
shall administer the following Oath. You solemnly swear that you
will well and truely try and true deliverance make between the in-
habitants of Indian Stream and the respondent at the Bar, whom
you shall have in charge according to Law and the evidence given
you. So help you God.

Signed David Mitchell, Luther Parker, Phinehas Willabd,
Hermon Batchelder, Nathan Judd, Council.

Passed July 9, 1832.

Attest John A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act to Regulate the Collection op Debts, Damages, &
Fines in all Cases in which Execution to Attach and
Sell Property May Be Rendered

Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in general
assembly convened that after the passing of this act that in all cases
where an action is commenced before any court in this place said
court shall order the sheriff to attach the goods, chattels or property

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 71

of the defendant for the security of debt, damage or fine and cost
of Court, to double the amount of debt, damage or fine claimed in
the declaration of the Writ issued by such court.

And be it further enacted that in all cases where Judgment is
rendered by any Court in this place against either plaintiff or defend-
ant said court shall issue execution thereon ordering the Sheriff to
attach and sell to the highest bidder at publick auction so much
property of the person or persons against whom such Judgment was
rendered as will amount to said execution with the addition of the
Sheriff's fees for attaching and selling said property.

And be it further enacted that no court excepting the court of
error shall be required to issue any writ until 25 cents has been
tendered by the plaintiff for said writ, or any warrant to arrest any
criminal or search any suspected places, or make any seizure before
the complainant or applicant for said warrant shall tender said
Comt 25 cents for said warrant.

And be it further enacted that each Justice shall receive one
dollar m advance on each case brought before him to be paid by
the plamtiff and one dollar on each adjoiu-ned case for each adjour-
ment or continuance to be paid by the party pleading adjournment
or continuance.

Signed David Mitchell, Luther Parker, Phineas Willard,
Hermon Batchelder.

Passed July 9th, 1832.

Attest John A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act Regulating the Fees of the Sherriff, and Defining
His Duty

Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in General
assembly convened That after the passing of this act each Sherriff in
this place shall have four cents for each mile which he may nesces-
sarily travel in discharging his official duty, and a reasonable com-
pensation for every person which he may necessarily command to
assist him in the discharge of his duty, and twenty-five cents for the
service of every writ, fifty cents for every arrest by warrant, and
twelve and a half cents for summoning each Juror and evidence.

And be it further enacted, that it shall be the duty of tht sherriff
upon having his fees tendered him to execute all orders of any
court in this place, to obey the instructions of the plaintiff in attach-
ing and selling property on Writ or execution provided he shall

72 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

receive good and sufficient bonds to indemnify liim in case the prop-
erty does not belong to the person he was ordered to attach.

Signed Luthkr Parker, Phinehas Willard, David Mitchell,

H. Batchelder, N. Judd, Council.
Passed July 9th, 1832.

Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act to Provide for Forming Juries

Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in General As-
sembly convened, That each Juror upon being summoned to attend
any Court to be held in this place and having four cents per mile and
thirty three cents for one half days attendance tendered him shall
obey said summons of Court unless disabled by the hand of Provi-
dence under pain of forft iting and paying five dollars.

And be it furthei enacted that no Juror shall be required to attend
on any court more than six hours, unless his fees for an additional
half day are tendered him in advance.

And be it further enacted, that it shall be the duty of the party
requiring a Jury to advance the Jurors fees.

Signed Luther Parker, Phinehas Willard, Nathan Judd,
David Mitchell, H. Batchelder, Council.

Passed July 9th, 1832.

Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act to Prevent Selling Spirituous Liquors in or Near
THE Assembly Rooms &c.

Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Lidian Stream in General
Meetuig assembled, that no person shall fetch for the purpose of
Selling, vending, or giving away, distilled Liquors within one fourth
part of a mile of the place where the assembly are in session on
pain of forfeiting all of said liquors and it shall be the duty of all
Justices of Courts to issue their warrants to the Sherriff ordering him
to seize said liquors forthwith and to sell the same in four days and
lodge the proceeds with the treasurer (after deducting his fees) for
the use of the inhabitants of Indian Stream.

And be it further enacted, that if any person shall sell vend or
give away any distilled Liquors within the limits prescribed in this
act, on the day that the session of the assembly is held it shall be
full evidence that the remainder of said liquors was brought for the

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 73

purpose of selling vending or giving away, and shall be forfeited
with the vessel or cask containing the same to the use of the inhabi-
tants of Indian Stream.

Signed David Mitchell, Luther Parker, Phineas Willard,

Herman Batchelder, Nathan Judd, Council.
Passed July 9th, 1832.

Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act to Repeal Former Votes & Rules

Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in General
meeting assembled, that all votes and rules heretofore passed which
are contrary to the acts this day passed are hereby repealed.
Signed David Mitchell, Luther Parker, Phineas Willard,

Herjvian Batchelder, Nathan Judd, Council.
Passed July 9th, 1832.

Attest John A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act to Exempt Certain Property from Attachment

Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in General
Assembly convened, that from the passing of this act the following
property shall be exempt in all civil cases from attachment on Writ
or execution. Viz. one Cow, one hog, one swine not over six months
old, the meat of one hog, seven Sheep and the Wool of seven sheep,
three tons of Hay one Bed and bedding for every two persons, all
wearing apparel & all their Books and if a farmer or mechanic
twenty dollars worth tools one Gun and equipments Household
furniture to the amomit of twenty dollars one bushel of Grain, Meal,
or flower to each person twenty five Bushels Potatoes, and two
Bushels Salt.

Signed David Mitchell, Hermon Batchelder, Phineas Wil-
lard, Luther Parker.

Passed July 9th, 1832.

Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act for Organizing the Militia

Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in General
Assembly convened, that the Council shall enrol in the militia every
able bodied man within this place between the ages of eighteen and

74 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

fifty as soon as they think expedient after the close of this session
of the General Assembly, shall invite the persons enrolled to assemble
and proceed to the choice of Captain, Lieutenant, Ensign, first,
second, third and fourth Sergeant and the person having a majority
of all the votes given for each of the respective offices shall be de-
clared duly chosen.

And be it further enacted that the Council shall commission the
Captain Lieutenant and Ensign, and administer the oath of office,
and the Captain shall issue warrants to the Sargents and adminis-
ter the oath of office.

And be it further enacted that it shall be the duty of the Captain
to assemble his company on the second monday in June annually
for Military duty and inspection, and to instruct them in Military
duty and tacticks.

And be it further enacted that it shall be the duty of every citizen
enrolled in the militia to assemble on the second monday in June
annually, at such time and place as the Captain shall order with such
arms and equipments as they may possess and yield strict obedience
to their commanding officers. .

And be it further enacted that whenever the Captain shall order
the Militia to assemble for actual service it shall be the duty of
every citizen so ordered to rendezvous at such time and place as the
Captain shall order armed with a good musket two spare flints and
twenty four cartridges with ball suited to the bore of his Musket
and powder sufficient to discharge the same and knapsack with one
days provision.

Signed David Mitchell, Luther Parker, Phineas Willard,
Hermon Batchelder, Nathan Judd.

Passed July 9th, 1832.

Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerh.

NOTES

1 C, p. 12. Here, as elsewhere, the original spellings of proper
names are followed.

2 C, pp. 12, 13.

» For the acts of 1832, C, pp. 13-18.

CHAPTER 10

The Assembly of 1833

Indian Stream Ss., March 11, 1833.

The assembly met agreeable to notice and were organized
according to constitution & law.

Article 1. Chose David Mitchell Speaker.

Article 2. Chose John A. Mitchell Clerk.

Article 3. On the 11th day of March A. D. 1833 personally ap-
peared Elisha P. Tabor, Nath' Perkins, Jr., John Robie Jr. and
were duely qualified and admitted members of the assembly agree-
able to the constitution. John A. Mitchell Clerh.

4th Chose Phinehas Willard for first councillor who does not
accept.

4th Chose Nath' Perkins, David Mitchell, John Haynes, E. P.
Tabor, Nathan Judd Councillors.

5th Voted to choose three Justices of the Peace.

6th Chose Nath' Perkins, Jr., Rich<i I. Blanchard, Burleigh
Blood Justices of Peace.

7th Chose Reuben Sawyer sherriff.

8th Voted to raise three hundred Dollars highway tax.

9th Voted that each able bodied man shall be allow* one dollar a
day untill the middle of Sepf after that seventy-five cents oxen
the same.

10 Chose J. Tabor, Simeon Wright, Ross C. Haynes, David
Eaton, Enoch Carr, Simon Danforth, Burleigh Blood, Jeremy
George, Timothy N. Haynes Highway Surveyors.

11th voted to choose three selectmen by hand vote.

12th Chose Nath' Perkins, R. C. Haynes, Peter Barnes Select
men.

13th voted that each school District may raise such tax for
supporting schools as they see fit.

14th voted that any person making complaint to any magistrate
for a Breach of the peace by any person or persons before a war-
rant shall be granted shall give a sufiicient bond to pay all cost
that may arise in said action, provided the person or persons com-
plained of should not be found guilty or should not be fined by

76 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

s"^ court in a sum sufficient to defray the expences attending s^
suit.

15th Chose John A. Mitchell Treasurer.

16th Voted to choose a committe of three to lay out roads in
this place and that they shall say where and how wide the roads
are to be made and where to have gates & bars, and in case anyone
petitions for a road through anyones farm the petitioners shall
pay all damage that may be assessed on the same.

17th Chose Nathan Judd, R. I. Blanchard, Jon* Hartwell Com-
mittee on Roads.

Voted to adjourn to the 2d Monday of March next at ten o'clock
A.M.

J. A. Mitchell, Cleric.^

The acts of 1833 receive no mention in these min-
utes. There were three, as follows i^

An Act to Establish the Rates at Which Polls and Ratable
Estates shall be Valued in Making and Assessing Direct
OR OTHER Taxes in this Place.
(For this act, see chapter 5, p. 38.)
Signed Phinehas Willard, Nath^ Perkins, David Mitchell,

John Haynes, Councillors.
Passed March 11th, 1833.

Attest John A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act in Addition to an Act entitled An Act to Regulate
the Collection of Debts, Damages, and Fines in all
Cases in which Execution to Attach and Sell Property
MAY BE Rendered

Be it enacted by the Inhabitants of Indian Stream in general
assembly convened that after the passing of this act that in all cases
where Judgment is rendered by any court in this place against
either plaintiff or def endent said court shall issue execution thereon,
ordering the sheriff to attach and sell to the highest bidder at public
auction so much property of the person or persons against whom
such Judgment was rendered as will amount to said execution
with the addition of the Sherriffs fees that it shall be the duty of
the sherriff in all cases where he has attached property on execu-
tion as aforesaid to advertise the same by posting an advertisement

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 77

specifying the articles for sale at some public place in this settle-
ment at least four days before such sale and it shall be the duty
of the sherriff to pay over immediately all sums by him received
for property sold as aforesaid for debt and cost to the person or
persons in whose favor such execution was granted or their attor-
ney deducting his own fees, and in all cases where execution was
for fine and Cost in the name and behalf of the people it shall
be the duty of the Sherriff to pay the same immediately to the
treasurer of this place for the benefit of the inhabitiants and be it
further enacted that the sherriff shall have a right to tax for every
execution by him collected and paid over as aforesaid fifty cents.

And be it further enacted that all executions issued by any
court in this place shall be ordered to be returned within sixty
days.

Signed Phinehas Willard, Nath^ Perkins, David Mitchell,
John Haynes, Councillors.

Passed March 11th, 1833.

Attest John A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act to Provide for Raising, Assessing, and Collecting
Taxes for the Support of Government, Laying Out,
Making, and Repairing Highways and Bridges, for the
Support of Schools and Other Public Purposes

Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in General
Assembly convened that from the passing of this act all taxes
voted by the assembly to be raised for any or either of the above
purposes shall be assessed on the polls and ratable estate agreeable
to the law in that case made and provided.

And be it further enacted that the general assembly shall
annually at their session choose three select men whose duty it
shall be to assess all taxes voted by the assembly to be raised and
said select men shall be sworn to the faithful discharge of their duty
and shall have full power to take an inventory of the polls and
rateable estate of the inhabitants of Indian Stream on tlie first day
of april annually and shall proceed to make out the taxes which
may have been voted & ordered bj' the assembly & the said select
men shall make out a warrant annexed to the tax bill and deliver
to the collector who shall be chosen by the assembly and quali-
fied as the constitution and law directs and the collector by virtue
of said warrant shall have full power to collect said taxes, and in
case any whose names are in said tax bill shall neglect or refuse

78 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

to pay his or her tax after reasonable notice said collector may
proceed to attach property and sell at public auction sufficient to
pay said tax and cost, and may tax the same fees as is allowed
to the Sherriff for collection on execution.

And be it further enacted that the select men shall proceed in,
the same way in assessing and making out the Highway taxes
and the Highway surveyors are hereby invested with the same
power for collecting their taxes as is given to the collectors.

Signed Phinehas Willabd, Nath^ Perkins, David Mitchell^
John Haynes, Councillors.

Passed March 11, 1833.

Attest John A. Mitchell, Clerk.

NOTES
1 4, p. 30.
2 For the acts of 1833, C, pp. 20, 21.

CHAPTER 11

The Assembly of 1834

Indian Stream Ss., March 10th, 1834.
The assembly met agreeable to adjournment when the following
individuals appeared and were duly qualified and admitted members
of the assembly agreeable to the constitution:

Wm. White Russell \^^ite David S. Rowell

Samuel Huggins Goodrich Coats James Abbot

Rufus Brockway Enos Rowell Simon Danford

Joseph Watts David Johnson

Attest John A. Mitchell, Clerk.

Article 1st Chose David Mitchell Speaker.

Article 2 Chose John A. Mitchell Clerk.

Article 3 Chose John A. Mitchell Treasurer.

Article 4 Voted to adjourn five minutes.

Met according to adjournment.

Article 5 Chose Jeremiah Tabor, Phinehas Willard, Abner High-
land, Wm. White, James Abbot Councillors & sworn.

Article 6th Voted to choose three Justices of the Peace. Chose
Elisha P. Tabor, Alanson Cumings, Burleigh Blood justices of
peace Sworn.

Article 7 Chose Reuben Sawyer Sherriff & sworn.

Article 8 voted that the act respecting sherriff & prisoners be
laid on the table.

Article 9 voted that the act for preventing vexatious law suits
be laid on the table.

Article 10 voted that an act respecting stock produce &c being
lawful tender for debts &c be laid on the table.

Article 11 voted that the act respecting marriages be laid on
the table.

Article 12th voted that the act respecting roads be laid on the
table.

Article 13th Voted that the act respecting appointing Depu-
ties by the Sherriff lie on the table & return d for amendment.

Article 14 Voted that the council report a bill to choose a

80 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

committee to lay out a road to the state of Maine & to pay them
for it.

Article 15 voted to adjourn this meeting untill Saturday next
at 10 o'clock A. M.

J. A. Mitchell, Clerk. ^

Indlvn Steeam Ss. Saturday March 15th 1834.
The meeting was opened according to adjournment.
Personally appeared Sam' Danforth and Moses Thirston and
was duly quallified and admitted members of the assembly agree-
able to the constitution.

J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

Article 16 Chose Jeremiah Tabor, no 1, Kimball B. Fletcher,
no. 2, David Rowell, no. 3, Jon^ Hartwell, no. 4, Simon Danforth,
no. 5, Enoch Carr, no. 6, Sam' Huggins, no. 7, Phinehas Willard,
no. 8, David Johnson, no. 9, highway Surveyors.

Article 17th Voted that Capt. John McConnell be taken from
district No. 5 and added on to district No. 4.

Article 18th Chose Elisha P. Tabor, Luther Parker, David
Mitchell Select men.

Article 19th Chose Col. Samuel Huggins Coroner.

Article 20th Chose Jeremiah Tabor, Luther Parker, Rich"^ I.
Blanchard Committee on Roads.

Article 21 Chose Simon Danforth, Burleigh Blood to look out
the Eastern road.

The Clerk had leave of absence. Chose Alanson Cumings Clerk
Pro tem.

voted that the Committee on the Eastern road Bill attend to
their Duty as soon as Convenient.

voted that the Act to support Government be passed.

voted that John A. Mitchel be Collector.

voted to Close this meeting.

Alanson Cumings, Clerk pro tem.'^

The acts passed by the assembly of 1834 are as
follows, the first having been voted on March 10, and
the remainder at the adjourned meeting on the 15th:*

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 81

An Act Regulating IVIahriages

Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in General
assembly convened that from the passing of this act, every ordained
Elder or minister of the gospel and every Justice of the peace who
are commissioned in this place shall be and hereby are authorized
and empowered to solemnize marriage between persons who may
lawfully enter mto that relation.

And be it further enacted that the persons joined in marriage
by any minister or Justice shall pay therefor to said minister or
Justice the sum of one dollar.

And be it further enacted that all persons desiring to be Joined
in marriage shall have such their desire or intention pubhshed at
three several publick meeting days or three Sabbath days in this
place by the Clerk and shall produce to the minister or Justice
who shall be desired to marry them a certificate of such publish-
ment under the hand of the Clerk and shall pay to the Clerk
twenty five cents for such certificate.

Signed Nath^' Perkins, David Mitchell, Nathan Judd, E. P.
T.VBOR, John Haynes, Councillors of Indian Stream.

Passed March 10th, 1834.
Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

Indian Stream Ss. March 10, 1834.
Then personally appear'd W" Wliite Russel White David S.
Howell Samuel Huggins Goodrich Coats James Abbot Rufus
Brockway Enos Rowell Simon Danforth and Joseph Watts and
were duly qualified and admitted members of the assembly agree-
able to the constitution.

John A. Mitchell, Clerk.

Indian Stream Ss. March loth 1834.
Then personally appeared Samuel Danforth and Moses Thirs-
ton and were duly quallified and admitted members of the assem-
bly agreeable to the constitution.

J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act to Prevent Vexatious Suits at Law

Be it enacted by the General assembly of Indian Stream that
from and after the passing of this act no creditor sliall for any con-
tract thereafter made recover before any court in Indian Stream
6

82 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

aforesaid more cost of suit than debt or damage shall amount to
by the consideration and decision of the court before whom the
trial shall be had provided said debt or damage shall not exceed
two dollars.

And be it further enacted, that the creditor who plants an action
as aforesaid shall be held for all the cost lawfully taxed by the
court aforesaid the same as he or she would have been had not the
aforesaid act been passed.

Signed Nathi- Perkins, David Mitchell, Nathan Judd, John
Haynes, E. p. Tabor, Councillors of Indian Stream.

Passed March 15, 1834.

Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act for the Punishment of Assault and Battery and
Murder
Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in General
assembly convened that if any person shall make an assault &
Battery on another on conviction thereof shall be imprisoned
not exceeding six months be fined not exceeding ten dollars and
pay cost of prosecution any or all of the above at the discretion
of the court before whom such person was convicted.

And be it further enacted that if any person shall commit willful
murder such person shall on conviction thereof suffer death.

Signed Nath^^ Perkins, David Mitchell, Nathan Judd, John

Haynes, E. P. Tabor, Councillors of Indian Stream.
Passed March 15, 1834.

Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act to Provide for Laying out and Discontinuing Public
Roads or Highways

Section 1. Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream
in general Assembly convened that from & after the passing of this
act there shall be chosen a committe of three whose duty it shall
be on petition of any ten inhabitants of this place to examine any
proposed route for a road or any discontinuance of road and in
all cases where they are of opinion that the publick good requires
said road to be laid out or discontinued to lay out & make a survey
of the same or order the road to be discontinued and lodge a copy
of their doings with the Clerk for record.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 83

2d. And be it further enacted that said committee are author-
ized to appraise all damage sustained by any individual by reason
of such road taking at all times into consideration the benefit
said individual may receive by said road or the discontinuance
of the old road and give an order on the treasurer for the payment
of said damage.

3d. And be it further enacted that whenever said committe
lay out a road where in their opinion the publick good does not
require said road to be kept open they shall authorize the owners
whose land was taken for said road to erect so many gates across
said road as they thmk expedient and authorize said landholders
to keep said gates shut from the first day of May to the first of
November.

4th. And be it further enacted that said committe shall order
said gates to be removed at any time when the publick good requires
an open road and appraise and pay the damage sustained by making
such road open as provided in the 2nd section of this Act.

5th. And be it further enacted that in all cases where any
person shall remove or leave open any gate authorized by law to
be kept across any road they shall be liable in an action of trespass
the same as though they had broke open a private close.

6th. And be it further enacted that said committee shall receive
one dollar per day for their services & pay reasonable compensation
for all assistance they may receive in discharge of their official
duty by giving to each other & their assistants orders on the
highway surveyors of their several districts which orders shall be
received by said surveyors in payment of their several highway
taxes.

Signed Nathi^ Perkins, David Mitchell, Nathan Jxtdd, John
Haines, E. P. T.\bor, Councillors.

Passed March 15, 1834.

Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act to Raise and Assess a Tax for JVIaking and Repairing
Highways and Bridges
Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in General
Assembly convened that the select men assess a tax of three hundred
dollars for making & repairing highways and bridges the ensueing
year to be apportioned among the several districts and paid in
labor allowing to each able bodied man finding his diet & tools
(leaving it discretionary witli the survevors to allow for extra tools

84 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

as they think right) one dollar per day for labor done previous to
the middle of September & after that time seventy five cents per
day and oxen the same.

Signed Nath^ Perkins, David Mitchell, John Haines, E. P.

Tabor, Nathan Judd, Coimcil.
Passed March 15, 1834.
Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act to Raise a Tax for Support of Government and
Defray Necessary Expenses

Be it enacted by the inhabitants of Indian Stream in general
assembly convened that the select men assess a tax of seventy
five dollars to be collected & paid into the treasury by the first
day of February next to be paid in wheat grass seed oats or rye
at the then going price in cash or cash.

And be it further enacted that on the first day of February next
the treasurer shall hand all tax bills remaining in his possession
to the collector who shall collect them and all taxes collected by
the collector shall be paid in cash.

Signed Nath^^ Perkins, David Mitchell, Nathan Judd, E. P.
Tabor, Council.

Passed March 15, 1834.

Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act Making Provision for Confinement of Criminals

Whereas there is no gaol within the bounds of Indian Stream
and whereas there has been & may be criminal offences com-
mitted against the peace & dignity of the inhabitants of Indian
Stream by persons who after convicted thereof refuse or neglect
to perform the sentence of the court before whom the s<* respon-
dent was convicted and bid defiance to the Law of the land, There-
fore to remedy the evils aforesaid & others which may arise.

Be it enacted by the general assembly of Indian Stream that
from & after the passing of this act it shall be the duty of the
sheriff of s^ Indian Stream and shall be Lawful for him when
commanded so to do by the court before whom any criminal shall
be convicted as afo.'esaid to confine him or them in his own dwelling
house outhouse or any other building by him provided or by any
of the inhabitants of Indian Stream afores'' until the sentence of
the court before whom s<^ respondent shall be convicted.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 85

And be it further enacted that if any person or persons who
after convicted of any criminal offence as afors'^ and sentenced
by any court lawfully authorized so to do to stand committed till
sentence be performed shall behave himself hostile or attempt to
make his escape it shall be Lawful for s"^ Sheriff to bind him the
s*^ prisoner or confine him in that way he shall think most proper
and convenient for his the s"^ prisoners safe keeping without
abusing him the s'* prisoner vmnecessarily until the s"^ sentence
shall be remitted by the council of s"* Indian Stream and the
sheriff afores^ directed by them to liberate s<* prisoner which the
council are authorized to do when they think the public good
requires.

And be it further enacted that the prisoner afores^ shall be
supported by the sheriff who shall have him in custody & his
property be liable for the cost of keeping & in aU cases where the
prisoner has not property to defray such expence the sheriff shall
be remvmerated for such reasonable expence by the inhabitants of
Indian Stream.

Signed Nath'' Perkins, David Mitchell, Nathan Judd, John
Haines, E. P. Tabob, Councillors of Indian Stream.

Passed March 15, 1834.

Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

An Act Authorizing the Sheriff to Appoint Deputies

Be it enacted by the General assembly of Indian Stream that
the sheriff of this place shall have power to appoint a deputy or
deputies under him for whose conduct in office he shall be account-
able, and shall or his deputy serve and execute within this place
all writs & precepts to him directed issuing from lawful authority.

And be it further enacted that it shall be Lawful for any Justice
of the peace in this place to direct any writ or precept to the sheriff
or either of his deputies so appointed by said sheriff, whose duty
it shall be to serve the same and s<* deputies shall be allowed the
same fees for their services as is by law allowed to the high sheriff
for like services.

And be it further enacted that the sheriff shall give bond to
the acceptance of the council for the faithful discharge of his official
duty, and if it should so happen that the sheriff or deputy shall
refuse or neglect to pay over any money or property by liim or
them collected on being requested by the person or persons for

86 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

whom such money was collected the creditor or creditors shall
have a right to an action against the Sheriff for the same.

And be it further enacted that all writs or executions issued
against the sheriff shall be directed to the coroner who shall be
appointed by the assembly and commissioned by the council, who
is authorized & empowered to serve & execute the same and
shall be allowed the same fees as is by law allowed to the sheriff
for similar service.

Signed Nath'^ Perkins, David Mitchell, Nathan Judd, John
Haines, E. P. Tabor, Council.

Passed March 15, 1834.
Attest J. A. Mitchell,

[Resolve for a Road to Maine]

Whereas a commmiication has been received by this Govern-
ment from Doct'^ Josiah Prescott of Farmington in the state of
Maine on the subject of a contemplated road to open a communi-
cation from this settlement to the state of Maine & expressing
a desire to meet a deputation from this place at or near the State
line to look out and consult on the best course and most practicable
ground combining shortness of distance for such road & consider-
ing the advantages that would arise to the people of this place if
they could have an open road from this to the markets in the state
of Maine Therefore Resolved by the inhabitants of Indian Stream
in General assembly convened to appoint two men whose duty
it shall be to go through and look out the best course for a road
to the line of the State of Maine & if they should Judge it neces-
sary to go as far as the settlements in the state of Maine and ascer-
tain as near as they can the prospect of the people there making
a road to the state line the distance from the line to where there
is now a good road and the distance to their market & also the
distance it will be necessary to cut a road from this settlement to
the State line, and obtain such other information on the subject as
they shall deem necessary and report their doings to the council.

And be it further resolved that the inhabitants of Indian Stream
compensate s"* committee for their time and trouble in attending
to the duties of their appointment on presenting their account to
the Council the same being allowed by the council shall draw an
order on the treasurer for the same.

Signed NathI' Perkins, David Mitchell, E. P. Tabor,
Nathan Judd, John Haines, Council.

Passed March 15, 1834.

Attest J. A. Mitchell, Clerk.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 87

NOTES

14, pp. 32, 33.
24, pp. 33, 34.
3 For the acts of 1834, C, pp. 22-27.

CHAPTER 12

The Assembly of 1835

Indian Stream, March 9, 1835.
Personally appeared Seargant Currier, David Smith, Benj.
Applebee, Levi Applebee, and were duly qualified and Admitted
Members of the Assembly Agreeable to the Constitution.

Alanson Cumings, Clerk.^

There are no further minutes for March 9, and there
is no record of legislation for that date. Another meet-
ing was held on April 18 of the same year, and the
following acts are recorded:

An Act to Prevent Unlawful Services
Whereas Services of writs have been made in this place known
by the name of Indian Stream by persons not Authorised by the
Constitution and laws thereof therefore be It Enacted by the
Inhabitants of Indian Stream in General Assembly Convened that
if any person or persons not being A Sheriff deputy Sheriff or
other officer whos duty it shall bee to Serve writs & precepts keep
the peace or apprehend persons for voilating the Same duly author-
ised by the laws & Constitution of Indian Stream living or residing
within the bounds of Indian Stream or the United States of America
Shall pretend to be Any or Either of Sd officers & Shall pretend or
presume to Act as Such in all or any of the duties belonging to the
office of Sheriff deputy Sheriff or any other officer who is duly
Authorised by the laws & Constitution of Sd Indian Stream to per-
form the duties afforesaid Shall upon Conviction of any Such
offence forfeit & pay a fine not Exceding one hundred Dollars
According to the nature & Circumstance of the offence, At the
discretion of the Court before whom the Conviction Shall be one
moity of which fine Shall be to the use of the Inhabitants of Sd
Indian Stream the other moity for the use of any person who Shall
Sue for the Same before any Justice of Sd Indian Stream and if
unable to pay Shall be Confined in Goal untill Sd is paid or dis-
charged by the Council of Sd Indian Stream

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 89

And be it further Enacted by the authority afforesaid that if any
of the above Mentioned officers violations or pretended authority
Shall be Committed performed acted or done in presents of any
one of the Council Justice of the Peace Sheriff deputy Sheriff or any
other officer whos duty it Is to keep the peace in this place &
authorised by the Constitution & laws of Indian Stream So to do it
Shall be the duty of that Counsellor Justice of the Peace Sheriff
deputy Sheriff or any other officer of the peace as afforesaid & they
are hereby authorized & Empowered to Comand or request Such
assistance as is Sufficient to arrest & keep in Custody any person
or persons so offending untill due process may be had by law against
Such offender.

And be it Further Enacted if any person or persons Shall when
So requested or Commanded neglect or refuse to Give Such aid or
assistance Such person or persons on Conviction thereof before any
Justice of the peace in this place Shall be find in sum not Exceding
ten dollars nor less than three dollars to the use of the Inhabitants of
Indian Stream & if unable to pay Shall be Confined in Goal not
Exceding three months at the discretion of the Court before whom
the Conviction Shall be.

Signd Richard I. Blanchard, Burleigh Blood, Wm. White,
Jeremiah Tabour, Council.

Passd April 18, 1835.

Atest Alanson Cumings, Clerk.

An Act ix Case of Perjury

Be it Enacted by the Assembly of Indian Stream that any
person taking the oath of Allegiance to the Constitution of Indian
Stream Teritory who shall Commit Perjury by violating Sd oath
and Acting in Contrariety to sd Constitution his or their names
shall be Stricken from the roll and Shall thereafter be renderd
incapable to Give testimony in any Court within the territory of
Indian Stream And Conviction of the Same before a justice Court
Shall be fined not Exceding twenty five dollars nor less than one
Dollar at the Discretion of the Court or justice Before whom the
Conviction Shall be made.

And be it further Enacted that if any person after Conviction
of Perjury by any Court Qualified to try the Same within the
Teritory of Indian Stream Shall by application to the Assembly of
Sd Indian Stream and obtaining a vote of two tliirds of the mem-

90 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

bers of Sd Assembly to that EfiPect be restored to law in Admiting
his testimony in the Court of Indian Stream

Signed Richard I. Blanchard, Burleigh Blood, Wm. White,

Jeremiah Tabour, Council.
Passed April 18, 1835.

Attest Alanson Cumings, Clerk

An Act to Protect Officers in Their Official Duties

Be it Enacted by the Assembly of Indian Stream Convened that
from & After the passing of this Act that if Any person or persons
Shall Injure or hinder Any officer judical or Execitive Civil or
military under the authority of this Teritory in the Execution of his
office Such person or persons on Conviction thereof Shall pay A fine
not Exceding one hundred dollars to be left At the discretion of the
[court] before whom the Same Shall be tried one moity to the
Inhabitants of Sd Indian Stream the other to the Complainant
if unable to [pay] sd fine Shall be Confined in Goal untill Said Fine
is paid or discharged by order of the Council of Sd Indian Stream

Signed Richard I. Blanchard, Burleigh Blood, Wm. White,
Jeremiah Tabour, Council.

Passed April 18, 1835.

Attest Alanson Cumings, Clerk.

An Act to Compel Witnesses to Attend When Summoned

Be it Enacted by the Inhabitants of Indian Stream in General
assembly Convened that Each witness upon being Summoned to
Attend any Court to be held in this place and having four Cents per
mile and thirty Cents for one half days Attendance tenderd him
shall obey Said Summons of Court unless disabled by the hand
of Providence under pain of forff citing five dollars.

And Be it Further Enacted that no witness Shall Be required to
attend on any Court more than Six hours unless his fees for an
Additional half day are tendered him in Advance.

And be it further Enacted that all fines for nonattendancfe of
witnesses may be Collected before any Court proper to try the Same.

And be it further Enacted that all monies So Collected to be paid
into the Treasury for the use of the Inhabitants.

Signed Richard I. Blanchard, Burleigh Blood, Wm. White,
Jeremiah Tabour, Counsel.

Passed April 18, 1835.

Attest Alanson Cumings, Clerk.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 91

An Act in Amendment of an Act in Regulating Sheriff Fees

Be it Enacted by the Inhabitants of Indian Stream Convened
that from and After the passing of this Act the Sheriff or his deptys
Shall have Six Cents per mile for travel in performing his official
duty and draw travel fees but one way.

And be it Further Enacted that no Court Shall Allow the Sheriff
any fees for Attending Court unless reqested by Sd Court to Attend
or Either of the Contending parties Excepting in Criminal Cases
then It Shall be the Duty of the Sheriff to Attend.

Signed Richard I. Blanchard, Jeremiah Tabour, Burleigh
Blood, Wm. White, Council.

Passed April 18, 1835.

Atest Alanson Cummings, Clerk.

An Act Authorising the Council to Deliver Over in Cases

Be it Enacted by the Inhabitants of Indian Stream in General
Assembly Convened that from and After the passing of this Act
in Case that if Persons Shall for any Capital Crime Such As murder
or theft or forgery or any other high Crime or misdemeanor Shall
Escape from any other Government & Come to this place It Shall
Be the duty of the Council By Application Being made to them to
Cause Such persons to be arrested After Conviction to be deliverd
over to the authority Demanding the Same Provided the Com-
plainant Shall pay the Expense of the Same

Signed Richard I. Blanchard, Jeremiah Tabour, Burleigh
Blood, Wm. White, Council.

Passed April 18, 1835.

Attest Alanson Cumings, Clerk.

Indian Stream April 18 1835.
Personaly Apeared Amos Tyler Marcus Beacher and were duly
qualified and Admited members of the Assembly Agreeable to the
Constitution Alanson Cumings, Clerk.

The above acts and minutes comprise the business
of the assembly of April 18, 1835. An item of busi-
ness which was presumably outside of the activities of
that legislative body is indicated by the following
record in the clerk's book, which is the last service to
us of the original manuscripts of Indian Stream.

92 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

This may certify to all it May Concern that Isaac Lindsay and
Deborah Rogers are Lawfully Joined in Marriage by

Samuel Drown, Minister.^
Indian Stream, April 18, 1835.
Received for Record & Recorded By
A. CuMiNGS, Regr.

NOTES

1 Minutes and acts of 1835, C, pp. 29-32.

2 C, p. 335.

CHAPTER 13
Rival Claims to Indian Stream

From the character of the above recorded legislation
it is evident that the course of government at Indian
Stream did not run smoothly. As a matter of fact the
sources of trouble already mentioned, both internal
and external, still continued to exist.

The enactments relating to the support of the sheriff
and courts, the provision for a jail, and the compulsion
of witnesses and others to obey summonses, show clearly
that the tendency of the community was continually to
revert to the conditions under which it had labored
prior to the adoption of the constitution, when the
decisions of its courts had amounted to recommen-
dations rather than mandates. There was no suitable
place of detention, and that lack, together with the
close proximity of territory outside the realm of Indian
Stream jurisdiction, without doubt contributed in no
small measure to disobedience.

The more aggravating source of trouble, however,
was external — the ambiguous boundary line and the
double interference of Canada and the United States.
We have already seen that in 1831 both governments
had caused Indian Stream no small annoyance, the
first by asserting a claim to military service, and the
second by the collection of customs duties.^ The state
of New Hampshire, too, through the authorities of Coos
county, continued to attempt the exercise of jurisdic-
tion by the serving of warrants in Indian Stream.

Of the aggressions from external sources the act of
April 18, 1835, directed against the service of writs and

94 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

precepts by unlawful authority, speaks plainly, and
would be evidence enough even without the support of
fact.

There is, however, the recorded fact as well. In
September, 1832, Moody Haynes, arrested and bound
over to appear before the court of common pleas, Coos
county, pleaded to the jurisdiction of said court '^
because the cause of complaint accrued "at Indian
Stream and on the west side of the Connecticut river
in the territory of Indian Stream," outside the jurisdic-
tion of the court. The plea was overruled, but the
case was settled.

Again, in a deposition of August 3, 1836, Luther
Fuller declares that "several years since, the state of
New Ham.pshire commenced prosecution against one
Ebenezer Fletcher and some others for intruding upon
lands in Indian Stream Territory."^ The "several
years since" may be understood to refer to a time at
least as early as 1832.

In another deposition, dated October 7, 1836, Horace
Loomis states that he has served writs in Indian Stream
in the name of Coos county "from time to time until
May, 1834."^ Milton Harvey also, during the same
year, went from Colebrook to Indian Stream and served
process on a certain Burrill, and conveyed him to Cole-
brook for trial, and in February and March of 1835
served still others, but was resisted in the attempt to
attach property.^

The events of 1834 were so irritating that on Septem-
ber 2 the council of Indian Stream addressed a memo-
rial to the Attorney-General of the United States
setting forth their claim to be under the jurisdiction of
the general government, but not under that of the
state of New Hampshire; and on the same day for-
warded a petition to Sheriff John H. White of Coos

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 95

county, praying him to suspend the exercise of his
authority until the boundary hne should have been
settled.^

The replies to these addresses were not such as to
allay the irritation of the inhabitants of Indian Stream.
Attorney-General Forsyth summed up his view by
saying: "If you are within the limits of the United
States, as has always been maintained by this govern-
ment, it is because you are within the limits of the
state of New Hampshire."^

The reply of the state of New Hampshire to the
petition of September 2, addressed to the sheriff, was
no less explicit. On September 18 Chief Justice
Richardson advised Sheriff White by letter that "it
will be the duty of courts to enforce the laws coexten-
sively with the territory which the state claims," and
that the "wisest and safest course will be to take the
advice of the executive and follow that";^ and on
January 17, 1835, the council received from the sheriff
a communication to the effect that the state intended
to assert full jurisdiction over the disputed territory.*

With this growth of determination on the part of
New Hampshire and the general government there
developed among the settlers of Indian Stream a hostile
attitude of mind toward the authority which had now
become the main source of their disquiet. A great
number of those serious-minded citizens who had
framed and put into operation the constitution of
Indian Stream, and had adopted (whether with perfect
right or not) the view that their government constituted
a territory of the United States independent of New
Hampshire, became intensely excited. It is not
necessary to argue that this policy of resistance was
upheld also by those, not few in number, whose residence
on the disputed soil was due to their unwillingness or

96 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

inability to reside under the stricter authority of
recognized Canadian or American territory.

It will now be easily understood how the formation of
a Canadian party of considerable dimensions was
possible. The claims of tlije British government had
never been asserted with much force or persistence.
While it never lost sight of the treaty of 1783 and its
reference to the northwesternmost headwaters of the
Connecticut, and of the award of 1827, its interference
was rare, and depended for the greater part upon the
initiative of the oflBcious Justice Alexander Rea of
Hereford, just across Hall's Stream, some six miles
from Fletcher's Mills, the most thickly populated place
in Indian Stream. Between the two national govern-
ments it seems to have been assumed that the line had
not yet been really established, and that the proper
principle on which to proceed was the recognition of
the authority of the party actually in possession until
such time as a final adjustment should have taken place.

Those settlers, therefore, who, whether from pure
motives or otherwise, resented the interference of New
Hampshire, naturally developed a friendly sentiment
toward Canada, the one of the two neighbors which had
caused them less trouble, and which, on the whole,
seemed also the less likely to give them trouble in the
future. When the reply of the Attorney- General of the
United States had been received, and hope of recogni-
tion by the general government had disappeared, an
address was prepared and forwarded to the Governor
of Lower Canada, by a separate committee according
to one authority,^" or by the council itself according to
a report of Adjutant-General Low dated November 16,
1835.^^ The address stated that "whereas said in-
habitants are unable to defend ourselves against said
state, we, the undersigned, in behalf of said inhabitants,

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 97

pray Your Excellency to take our case under your wise
consideration, and grant us such relief as you in your
wisdom shall judge proper and just, for we expect new
invasions. "^^ This petition, according to General Low,
had been signed by sixty out of the seventy-five voters
of Indian Stream. ^^ The New Hampshire Patriot of
May 16, 1835, refers to sixty-four signers, and to official
assurance given them from Canada that they would be
protected against aggression the same as other British
subjects.

Even prior to this time there is evidence that there
existed a Canadian party of some strength in the settle-
ment, and that there was also a party determined to
hold the disputed territory for New Hampshire. The
population had resolved itself generally into two
hostile factions. Those who favored the state called
themselves "the New Hampshire boys."

In the early part of 1834, not long after the purchase
of the mill property by Luther and Asa Parker, and their
removal from the Lake farm to the neighborhood of
Fletcher's Mills, near the mouth of Back Lake brook,
a company of Canadian sympathizers appeared one
morning at the store, which was in the front part of the
Parker residence. Charles, the seven-years-old son of
Luther Parker, told his father of their presence. After
a brief scrutiny of the company through an aperture in
the door which led from the living rooms to the store,
Luther Parker entered the store, took his usual position
behind the counter, reached for his rifle, and laid it
down before him. In a moment Asa Parker also
entered, carrying two horse-pistols, took a position
beside his brother, and laid his weapons on the counter
beside the rifle. The two stood there, Luther Parker
idly rolling a ball into and out of his rifle-barrel, until
their visitors, convinced that the intended attempt at
arrest was hopeless, left the place.

98 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

It was not long after this incident that Luther Parker
carried from his mill yard to the rear of the house and
store, for safe keeping, the lumber of an inhabitant who
was indebted to him, and would give no assurance of a
discharge of the obligation. The ire aroused by this
and the store incident was the prime cause of an event
which soon followed.

Sometime during the spring word was brought Mr.
Parker from a certain Thurston, who lived some dis-
tance up the Connecticut, that he had reason to think
that a Canadian party meant to arrest him that night,
and that he wished Mr. Parker to come and stay with
him. Mr. Parker armed himself and started. As he
was proceeding along the river road, suddenly, in the
dark between the forest fringes of the road, he met
several men. Stopping momentarily to accost them,
he found himself held firmly in their grasp.

"You are under arrest," they said.

"In whose name.^*" he asked.

"In the name of the King," they replied.

His captors conducted him back to his home, where
they allowed him to change his clothes and make some
provision for an absence.

His rifle stood at the head of the bed as he made his
change of clothing. One of the men took it up.

"Put that gun down!" said Mr. Parker.

The man still held the gun.

"Put that gun down, I say," said Mr. Parker a second
time, with deliberate emphasis; "and I'm not going to
tell you again." ^

This time the man put the gun back in its place.

Alletta Parker was in the other room, where one or
two men remained. One of them was Emor Applebee
from the mouth of Perry Stream. "The old lion is be-
ginning to roar," he said to her, maliciously.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 99

Mr. Parker's captors proceeded with him down the
road and wQst toward Hall's Stream and Canada. As
they passed Fletcher's Mills, less than a mile from his
own mill, he called to Kimball Fletcher, then twenty-
four years old, to run down to Clarksville and get some-
one to go to Colebrook for a lawyer. The story of
Fletcher's adventure on the way to Clarksville in the
rain and dark is told by himself in the Fergusson history
of Coos county.^^

Mr. Parker was taken into Canada and released
on bail. About three months afterward he appeared
before the justice at Sherbrooke and conducted his
own case. The charge against him, whose particulars
he now learned for the first time, was assault and
battery upon the person of a subject of His Majesty.
He confronted the complainant, one Jonathan C. L.
Knight, and in short time proved to the satisfaction
of the justice the flimsy nature of the complaint, and
was immediately discharged. One day, in his own
mill yard, he had declared to Knight that if necessary
he would resort to force in order to keep Indian Stream
for New Hampshire. Knight charged that Mr. Parker
had drawn a knife on him. The evidence showed that
Mr. Parker had been merely engaged in whittling as he
talked, and Knight himself, on examination by Mr.
Parker, admitted the fact. On Mr. Parker's return
from Sherbrooke on bail, the lumber above mentioned
had been taken from his yard.

From these events may be seen Luther Parker's
position as a partisan of New Hampshire in the Indian
Stream troubles. At first a framer and supporter of the
constitution, he had been compelled by the continued
resistance of the refractory element in the population
to foresee the impossibility of the survival of the Indian
Stream government, or of law and order of any kind

100 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

without the support of external authority. Having
come to this conclusion, he became an acti\{e supporter
of the claim of New Hampshire, and a leader among the
"New Hampshire boys." Probably some time in 1834
he drew up and secured signatures for a petition ad-
dressed to the state government, and in person laid it
before the Governor at Concord.

These facts make clear the animus of the accusations
against him contained in the report of the Canadian
commissioners to Indian Stream, which was printed in
November, 1836, together with the report of the Amer-
ican commissioners. This report credits Luther Parker
with having, among others, taken the oath to support
the constitution of Indian Stream, and having been
elected a member of the council, "but, having through
misconduct forfeited the confidence of the inhabitants,
they ceased to elect or promote him to any office under
the constitution, in consequence of which he became
dissatisfied, transferred his allegiance to the gov't of
New Hampshire, and has ever since by misrepresenta-
tions to that gov't and by all other means in his power
continued to harass and disturb the peace of the inhabi-
tants of Indian Stream, and, leagued with five others, he
forwarded a petition for protection to the gov't of New
Hampshire falsely purporting to be a petition of the
inhabitants of Indian Stream, but in reality signed by
certain inhabitants of Colebrook, Stewartstown, and
Clarksville in the state of New Hampshire." The
report also calls His Excellency's attention "in an es-
pecial manner to Ephraim C. Aldrich and Luther
Parker, inhabitants of Indian Stream," the latter as
"a spy and general disturber of the peace. "^^

As to Luther Parker's having forfeited the confidence
of the people, the minutes of the assembly from 1832
to 1834 are sufficient to disprove the assertion, even

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 101

without the record of his activities in the actual conduct
of the Indian Stream difficulties with Canada.

NOTES
1 See p. 54.

* Report Indian Stream Com., pp. 219, 220.
3 Ihid., p. 204.

* Ihid., p. 216.

* Ihid., p. 223.

« Aldrich, p. 386.

nhid.

8 Ihid., p. 387.

' Ihid., pp. 387-388.

10 Ihid., p. 387.

" iV. H. Patriot, Nov. 16, 1835.

12 Aldrich, p. 387.

i» N. H. Patriot, Nov. 23, 1835.

1* Hist. Coos Co., p. 704.

16 Report, pp. 184-186; cf. 244.

CHAPTER 14
The Indian Stream War

These diflBculties finally came to a head in 1835.
On March 12 Deputy W. M. Smith attempted the ar-
rest of Clark J. Haynes and Reuben Sawyer of Indian
Stream in the name of New Hampshire, but was beaten
and driven out. On March 13 Milton Harvey of Cole-
brook met with resistance in the service of a writ and at-
tachment of property in the same territory. "The
persons against whom I had process, and others
accompanying them, claimed to be independent, to be
an independent government not belonging to the
governments of Great Britain or the United States,
independent of either until the line was settled," says
his deposition.^

The assembly of 1835 had convened on March 9, a
few days before these events. Probably as a result of
the Smith and Harvey incidents, and the excitement
caused by them, the assembly came together again
on April 18 and passed the acts on unlawful serving of
process, etc., whose significance has already been re-
corded. In June the state legislature listened to a
special message from Governor Badger, and as a result
passed a resolution to the effect that the state continue
to assert its authority over Indian Stream, and "the
Governor be requested to render all necessary aid to
the executive oflScers of the county of Coos in causing
the laws of said state to be duly executed within the
limits of said territory. "^

Governor Badger thereupon caused Adjutant-General
Joseph Low to issue an order, whose consequence was

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 103

the encampment at Stewartstown, the nearest base to
Indian Stream, in August, of Captain James Mooney
and the Sixth company of the Twenty-Fourth regiment
of mihtia, to be in readiness to support Sheriff White
in the serving of process in the troubled country. Cap-
tain Mooney's company consisted of fifty men.^ They
were not actually called upon until November.

About the first of October Justice Alexander Ilea of
Hereford sent to Jeremiah Tabor and others of Indian
Stream a letter "requesting them to notify the inhabi-
tants that he should meet them at a schoolhouse in the
settlement on the following Saturday at 4 P. M., and
also on the Sabbath following at another schoolhouse
in the settlement at 1 P. M., if it was thought best, and
that he would meet them and lay before them more
communications from his government." At the meet-
ings the inhabitants were assured through these com-
munications that they would be protected against
encroachments on the part of New Hampshire, and it
was suggested that they communicate their thanks in
writing to Governor Earl Gosford of Lower Canada,
and ask further assistance. A committee was also
appointed to nominate candidates for appointment as
justices of the peace. ^

On or about the first of October, also. Deputy William
M. Smith of Stewartstown, taking with him for purposes
of identification Milton Harvey of Colebrook and Rich-
ard I. Blanchard, one of the " New Hampshire boys " who
lived several miles north of Luther Parker's mill, came
into Indian Stream with a writ against John H. Tyler
in favor of William Buckminster of Danville, Vermont.
Tyler was arrested, but refused to show property for
attachment, and while proceeding in company with
his captors was met and rescued by Emor Applebee and
two sons, Alanson Cummings, clerk pro tem. in the last

104 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

assembly, another Tyler, J. C. L. Knight (the same
who had caused the arrest of Luther Parker the year
before), and two others. The deputy returned the
writ to its court, and by advice of Sheriff White adver-
tised a reward of five dollars for the arrest of Tyler and
his delivery at the jail in Lancaster, the seat of Coos
county.^

This was not all. On the twenty-second of October
Richard I. Blanchard, who had assisted Deputy Smith
on the occasion of Tyler's arrest, was taken from his
house early in the morning by Zebulon Flanders, Zac-
cheus Clough, and the same John H. Tyler who had
escaped arrest a short time before. They had one gun
among them, and a warrant issued by Alexander Ilea
in the name of the King,^ on the ground that Blanchard
had been concerned in an unlawful attempt to arrest
Tyler, a subject of His Majesty.

Blanchard's fourteen-years-old son spread the alarm,
running down the river road and stopping at the Parker
home, among others. As Blanchard was conducted
along the same route shortly afterward, and was passing
the Parker place, Alleta Parker stood in the doorway,
"It's my turn now, you see, Mrs. Parker," he called
out to her.

"I'm sorry, Mr. Blanchard," she replied, and added
significantly, "I hope you'll not be gone long."

At the alarm from Blanchard's son Luther and Asa
Parker, Clark J. Haynes, and others of the New Hamp-
shire party had immediately started across the river for
Clarksville, Stewartstown, and Colebrook to rouse the
country. Clark Haynes went to Clarksville and got
Miles Hurlburt, who started for Indian Stream with
Joseph Wiswall and John Harriman, halted at the
house of Ebenezer Fletcher at Fletcher's Mills, and
were there joined by Ephraim Aldrich, Oliver Wash-

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 105

burn, and Blanchard's son. This party proceeded
west across Indian Stream and Hall's Stream to the
town of Hereford, and overtook the party having
Blanchard in charge, now grown to twelve or fifteen,
taking dinner at the house of Bernard Young. Find-
ing the enemy too strong they made no attempt at a
rescue, but went south to Canaan with the intention
of intercepting the company before it should reach its
destination at the home of Alexander Rea. At Canaan
they found assembled about a hundred armed and ex-
cited men.^

Meanwhile Luther and Asa Parker had reached
Colebrook, got John M. Hilliard, Samuel Weeks, Jr.,
Horatio Tuttle, Thomas B. Blodgett, and Thomas
Piper, and ridden to Canaan, where they arrived in the
afternoon and found the party assembled as above
stated. Milton Harvey now appeared from the direc-
tion of Indian Stream with the news that the Canadian
party and Blanchard were to pass over Hereford hill two
miles away, and that it would be possible to meet them.*
A party of about eight was thereupon quickly formed,
armed and on horseback, consisting of Ephraim H.
Mahurin, J. M. Harvey, Joseph P. Wiswall, James M.
Hilliard, Horatio Tuttle, Thomas B. Blodgett, Samuel
Weeks, and Miles Hurlburt. Others went another
way.^ Luther Parker gave his pistols to Ephraim Al-
drich and remained at Canaan.^" Asa Parker was
among those who rode on, either then or subsequently,
and took his brother's horse.

This company overtook the Canadian party, effected
the release of Blanchard without resorting to violence,
and returned to Canaan to the store of Parmelee &
Joy, the headquarters of the day.^^

Elated by success, someone in the company of excited
settlers now called attention to the fact that Tyler had

106 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

been among the party who carried off Blanchard. Tak-
ing from the hand of Deputy Smith the above mentioned
advertisement offering five dollars reward for his arrest,
Ephraim Aldrieh and Miles Hurlburt started back into
Canada to take Tyler. On reaching Alexander Rea's
neighborhood they were confronted by the angry justice,
who ordered them off the King's highway, and loudly
called on a dozen men or so about him to take them.

What then occurred may be narrated by Hurlburt
himself, whose deposition reads as follows :

I then presented my pistol to said Rea and told him to keep his
proper distance, for I should not be taken by him, for if he came any
nearer he should take the contents of my pistol. Said Aldrieh then
spoke and said to Mi. Rea, "I should advise you not to go any far-
ther for he may hurt you." Rea then turned towards said Aldrieh
and ordered Bernard Young to take said Aldrich's horse by the
bridle, and upon Young and Rea attempting to take Aldrieh he
defended liimself with his sword. Immediately upon this Rea and
the party with him commenced throwing stones as rapidly and vio-
lently as possible, two of which hit me with great force, when I dis-
charged the pistol which I had with me, and not before, at the assail-
ants. In firing my pistol I did not aim at anyone in particular, and
did not think of hittmg anyone, but I did it more for the purpose of
frightening them. About this time there were thirty or forty more
of the party which I left at Parmelee & Joy's store came in sight,
when said Rea and those with him immediately took to flight, Rea
running for the woods and Aldrieh after him. When I came up
with Aldrieh and Rea, Aldrieh had Rea down, Aldrieh having one
hand hold of the coUar of Rea's coat, and one hand hold of the hilt
of his sword, and Rea having hold with both his hands of the blade
of Aldrich's sword, with the point of it sticking into the ground, and
Aldrieh was kicking Rea in the side. When I came up Rea was say-
ing, "I surrender," and Aldrieh replied, "Then God danm you, let
go of the sword and I will let you alone." Dr. Tirrell at the same
time came up and remarked to Aldrieh, "He says he surrenders.
Why don't you let him get up?" Aldrieh again replied, "If he will let
go the sword I will." And Dr. Tirrell remarked to Rea, "If you will
let go the sword I will guarantee that Aldrieh will not hurt you;"
whereupon Rea let go the sword, and Aldrieh let him get up, anfl we

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 107

took him and put him into the wagon and carried him down to the
store of Parmelee & Joy in Vermont. While this skirmish was
carried on I heard four or five gmis fired, one of which I fired, as
before stated. i-

In this melee Young was wounded in the groin by a
pistol shot, and Rea was wounded in the scalp by a
sabre. Miles Hurlburt and Joseph P. Wiswall alone of
the expedition that took Blanchard back to Vermont
were among the company that took Rea. They
brought him to Canaan, about a mile and a half from
his home, dressed his wound, and sent him back.^^

Such was the excitement that was roused by this
event, and such the apprehension, that the soldiers who
had assembled at Stewartstown in August under Cap-
tain Mooney were now ordered by Adjutant-General
Low into Indian Stream. "Upon consultation with
the high sheriff, Col. Young, Gen. Loomis, Gideon
Tirrell, Esq., Luther Parker, and others who accompa-
nied me here," he reports from the scene of disturbance,
"I had no doubt of the expediency of ordering the colo-
nel of the 24th regiment to detach one captain, one
lieutenant, one ensign, four sergeants, two musicians,
and 42 privates, and to place them at the disposal of
the sheriff' of the county of Coos.""

This force marched into Indian Stream in November,
the declared purpose of the movement being to "enable
the executive officers of the county of Coos to execute
the laws and put down all insurrectionary move-
ments."^^ Captain Mooney and his men were for some
time quartered at the home of Luther Parker, the men
tenting in the yard, and many of them sleeping in the
house. The captain himself was quartered in the
house, whose inmates long retained a pleasant image of
him, reading during his spare hours, and at the same
time rocking with one foot the cradle of the Parker
baby, Amanda Melvina, born September 8 preceding.

108 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

A guard was stationed at Fletcher's Mills, where the
bridge led to Clarksville and the south, and at other
places of approach, and no one was allowed in the ter-
ritory who could not give a proper account of himself.
When the Canadian commissioners desired to traverse
the settlement, they encountered difficulty. "In our
progress thro' the Indian Stream settlement," they re-
port, "in the prosecution of our enquiry we were stopped
on the highway near the house of one Fletcher by a
military guard composing a part of the force above
mentioned, who at the point of the bayonet commanded
us to stand, and would not permit us to pass, altho' made
aware of the authority under which we were acting."^®

The military operations of Captain Mooney at In-
dian Stream were brief and decisive. On the night of
November 13, having heard that the house of Emor
Applebee, several miles to the north at the mouth of
Perry Stream, was the shelter of a number of trouble-
some partisans, he advanced with twenty men and sur-
rounded it. Applebee, awakened toward daybreak by
the running and snorting of his colts in the yard, came
to the door and attempted resistance, but found twenty
rifle-barrels pointed at him, among them that of Asa
Parker, and surrendered. Mrs. Applebee, who at-
tempted to escape and alarm their friends, was captured
before she could accomplish her purpose, and the Apple-
bees, father and son, were taken to Lancaster to jail,
where the younger remained about six months and the
elder a year.^^ As he was conveyed past the Parker home
Mrs. Parker, remembering her experience of the year
before, could not resist the temptation to call to him:
"Well, Mr. Applebee, the old eagle is beginning to
scream."

At the approach of colder weather barracks were
constructed for the troops at Fletcher's Mills. By Jan-

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 109

nary 29, 1836, General Low advises Sheriff White that
the Canadian government has assured the state of New
Hampshire that it will not interfere further until the
boundary line is settled by the proper authorities.^* On
Monday, February 1, the New Hampshire Patriot re-
cites that it has received from General Low documents
relating to Indian Stream, and that there have been no
further disturbances, except a visit of the Canadian
commissioners on December 29, who, "after tarrying
a short time retired without making any indication
of their design." " General Low will go there in person
and arrange for the presence of troops till the legisla-
ture acts, or until a settlement of the dispute shall have
been reached." Reference is also made to the receipt
of the above mentioned assurance from the British
government.

This assurance was no doubt the prime cause of the
removal of the troops, which took place on February
18.19

The same month Earl Gosford, Governor of Lower
Canada, complained and protested to Charles Bank-
head, Charge d'Affaires for Great Britain at Washing-
ton, and transmitted the report of the Canadian com-
mission which had investigated the condition of Indian
Stream, and signed its findings at Lennoxville on Jan-
uary 1.

In June the New Hampshire legislature once more
passed resolutions expressive of a determination to
maintain its claim, and on the 18th authorized the Gov-
ernor to appoint a commission to visit Indian Stream
and make a thorough investigation. Joseph Low,
Ralph Metcalf, and John P. Hale composed the com-
mission, and in his message in November Governor Bad-
ger announced to the legislature that their report was
in his hands. It was printed over the date of Novem-

110 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

ber 23, 1836, and contained also the report of the Cana-
dian commission, and some of the correspondence be-
tween the state departments of Great Britain and the
United States which ensued after the Canadian inves-
tigation.

Before the report of the commissioners to Indian
Stream had been pubhshed, however, the Parker family
had left New Hampshire. The last recorded mention
of Luther Parker at Indian Stream occurs in the New
Hampshire Patriot of May 16, 1836, which gives a col-
umn to the report of a meeting of the citizens of Stew-
artstown, Clarksville, and Indian Stream, held on
April 16 at the Clarksville schoolhouse to consider the
condition of Indian Stream. At this meeting a com-
mittee appointed at a previous meeting on April 2 re-
ported the following resolutions :

Resolved, Therefore, that in the opinion of this meeting, New
Hampshire has a right to exercise an unconditional control over the
territory of Indian Stream.

Resolved, That our national government is bound to support the
pretensions of New Hampshire in her claim to the territory of Indian
Stream, inasmuch as it has in repeated instances been recognized
by that government.

Resolved, That we highly approve of the measures adopted by our
last Legislature in relation to Indian Stream, and the evidence of
adhering strictly to those measures evinced by the Executive of the
State in carrjdng them fully into effect.

Resolved, That in the opinion of this meeting, Adjutant-General
Joseph Low is entitled to the gratitude of the citizens of this State
for the prompt and efficient manner in which he has carried into
effect the orders of the Executive in relation to Indian Stream.

On motion of Luther Parker, Esq., Resolved, that Captain James
Mooney, his subalterns and soldiers who were under his command
stationed at Indian Stream, are entitled to the thanks of their fellow
citizens for their prompt and patriotic exertions in supporting the
honor and dignity of the State.

Voted, that the foregoing report and resolutions be signed by the
chairman and secretary and published in the New Hampshire Pa-

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 111

triot, and in the New Hampshire Statesman and State Journal
printed at Concord.

GiDEOX TiRRiLL, Chairman.
Joseph Wiswall, Secretary.

From this report, as well as from the removal of the
troops, it is evident that Indian Stream had by this
time settled itself to the policy of obedience to New
Hampshire, and had entered upon its first period of
assured quiet.

On December 10, 1840, the town of Pittsburg was
incorporated, containing the territory of Indian Stream,
the Carlisle Grant, the Colebrook Academy Grant, and
sixty thousand acres of state lands.

In 1842, section 1 of the Asburton treaty defined the
international boundary as beginning at the head of
Hall's Stream, and thus brought to a conclusion the long
dispute. Since its incorporation Pittsburg has enjoyed
unbroken peace and prosperity, and is a favorite resort
during the summer weeks and the hunting season.

NOTES

1 Report, p. 223. " Ihid.

"- Aldrich, p. 388. 12 Ihid., pp. 230, 231.

3 Ihid., p. 389. 13 7fc^-^.^ pp. 243, 244.

* Report, pp. 214, 215. " iV. H. Patriot, Nov. 23, 1835.

* Ihid., pp. 220-222. " Report, p. 236.
« Ihid., p. 224. 16 Ihid., p. 186.

"> Ihid., pp. 223-226. i' Cf. N. 11. Patriot, as above.

8 Ihid., p. 233. 16 Aldrich, p. 392.

9 Ihid., pp. 227, 228. " Report, p. 236.
i» Ihid., pp. 233, 234.

CHAPTER 15

The Wisconsin Pioneer

Early in May, 1836, Luther Parker left Indian
Stream for the wilderness of southeastern Wisconsin.

During the preceding year Alvin G. French of
Brunswick, Vermont, a brother of Alletta French
Parker, had settled on the virgin acres of the new
country in what became the township of Pleasant
Prairie, a few miles west of the present city of Kenosha,
a settlement then known as Pike River. The effect upon
a son of rugged Indian Stream of Mr. French's accounts
of those beautiful tracts of soil, generous and peaceful,
unencumbered by heavy timber, and yet not treeless,
may easily be imagined. Add to this the turbulence
through which Luther Parker had passed in New Hamp-
shire, the still surviving uncertainty as to whether the
inhabitants of Indian Stream were finally to be Ameri-
cans or Canadians, the losses he had suffered through
bad debts, and the lingering rancours of a prolonged
and bitter contest, and it does not seem strange that he
listened to the call of the unopened West in spite of the
triumph of his cause at Indian Stream and the advent
of peace.

"Ten years of my life gone for nothing!" he is said
to have exclaimed, as he drove out of the Indian
Stream country by the road that led over the hill to
Clarksville and the southwest.

Setting his affairs in order as far as possible by leav-
ing his stock in trade, lands, and the major part of his
other belongings in the hands of a friend in Clarksville
and of his father in Temple, Luther Parker conveyed

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 113

his family and scant goods by covered wagon as far as
Whitehall, New York, on Lake Champlain, where he
started them on their journey by canal through Troy
to Buffalo, from Buffalo to Detroit by steamboat, from
Detroit to Milwaukee through the lakes by schooner,
and from Milwaukee to Pleasant Prairie by wagon.
Alletta Parker's brother, Thomas Giles French, and her
sister Eunice accompanied her from Vermont, and
Asa Parker joined the party at Troy, New York. Giles
French and Asa Parker, having heard of choice lands
near Milwaukee, returned thither with the wagon that
had conveyed the family to Pleasant Prairie.

After parting from his family at ^^liitehall Luther
Parker, with horses and covered wagon and a small
equipment of goods, set out for the same destination.
The journey was long and arduous. The condition of
the roads, or rather the lack of roads, at some stages
of his progress was such that on many days he could
look back at nightfall to the spot on which he had
encamped the previous night. When he finally arrived
at Alvin French's at Pleasant Prairie it was about the
twentieth of July, and his family had long been awaiting
him.

With characteristic energy he made a claim to land
not far from Alvin French's, and made provision for the
breaking of sod. Meanwhile, however, Asa Parker
and Giles French had reported especially attractive
lands about fifteen miles to the southwest of Milwaukee,
where they had made claims, the former on the south
half of the northeast quarter of section two in the town
of Muskego, and the latter on the south half of the
southeast quarter of the same section. Asa Parker's
shack was at the site of the present Tess Corners, and
Giles French's bark wigwam near a mineral spring
about eighty rods to the west. After a short time at

114 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Pleasant Prairie Luther Parker mounted his horse and
rode northward to view the country where his brother
and brother-in-law had settled. With water power
in mind, as was natural for one who was familiar with
the upper waters of the Connecticut, he rode beyond
them several miles to the west, found Little Muskego
lake, explored it, discovered the outlet, and at the shore
where it left the lake located a claim of three hundred
and twenty acres, the south half of section nine, town
five, range twenty, east.

In January, 1837, six months after their arrival in
the West, the Parker family, husband, wife, one son
nine years old, and three daughters, Persis Euseba,
Ellen Augusta, and Amanda Melvina, aged seven, four,
and two years, moved into the log cabin which Luther
Parker had constructed on the wooded south shore of
the lake. Giles French and Asa Parker had settled
before him, but were both in temporary quarters and
without family. Another settler, named Fields, had
erected a cabin in the neighborhood, but had not occu-
pied it with his family until later in the winter. Luther
Parker may therefore be recorded as the first perma-
nent white settler in the township of Muskego.

The Parker family remained in the log cabin three
years. In 1839 Mr. Parker sold his claim to Anson
H. Taylor for $800, but continued to reside on it until
the spring of 1840, when he occupied a two hundred and
forty acre holding to the south of Giles French, which
had been abandoned, the northeast quarter and the
east half of the northwest quarter of section eleven.
The Muskego lands in this neighborhood were varied;
there were heavily wooded parts, oak openings, and
meadows. Here he resided until his death in 1853.

Luther Parker's capacity to endure hardship and
privation found its second opportunity for demonstra-

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 115

tion in the Wisconsin wilderness. The stern conditions
of the pioneering life of that period are so well known
that they require no description here. There was the
usual cabin of logs, with chinks through which the wind
blew and the snow sifted, and with the old-fashioned
fireplace and the danger from fire that accompanied it.
There was the hard work of clearing, and the laborious
two-day trips to Milwaukee by Indian trail, for the
sack of flour and pork and other necessities to supple-
ment the scant product of the first years of tillage.
There was the need of skill and patience in the slow
making by hand of everything that there was no money
to purchase. The shoemaker's kit which he had used
during his apprentice days at Stoneham Mr. Parker
kept and used all his life.

There was the lack of medical conveniences, too, but
not the lack of death. Little Amanda Melvina, the
child born September 8, 1835, at Indian Stream, died of
the fever in the Muskego cabin on August 8, 1838, and
was buried on the shore of the lake. The grave is
within the limits of the present Muskego Lake resort,
but has long since been obscured.

Luther Parker's capacity for leadership, also, was dis-
played again in the new country. His natural ability,
as well as the education he had received at Temple,
Stoneham, and New Ipswich, his teacher's experience at
Stratford and elsewhere, served him here as well as at
Indian Stream, and the varied experiences in affairs
through which he had passed in northern New Hamp-
shire fitted him for similar experiences in Wisconsin.

In the land sale of 1839, which took place at public
auction in Milwaukee, Mr. Parker was entrusted by all
the squatter sovereigns of the townships of Franklin
and Muskego with the bidding in of their claims. The
settlers, who were now first to acquire actual title, had

116 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

previously met and agreed not to bid against each other,
and it was also well understood that no bidding by land
speculators was to be tolerated. Mr. Parker appeared
in the auction room with a list of his neighbors' holdings
in his hand, and as each holding was described by the
auctioneer, he simply said, "$1.25 per acre," and at the
close of each day's sale the certificates were made out
and the cash paid over. Only one attempt at bidding
by a speculator was made during his attendance on the
sale. The bidder, who wished to get possession of an
improved holding, found himself so boisterously jostled
and crowded that, though it was all seemingly accidental,
he was glad to be allowed to leave the room.

Mr. Parker's considerable legal knowledge was also
called into action in the drawing of contracts and
other papers, and in court work. He was justice of the
peace for several terms, and tried many cases, and
frequently conducted the cases of his neighbors in
court when not in office. His law library was a scant
book or two — Blackstone's Commentaries, Cowan's
Treaties, and the New Hampshire form book — but
they served large purposes in those days.

He was a leader also in the educational affairs of the
new settlement. The first school in Muskego came
into existence in the fall of 1839, a little to the south of
Tess Corners, and was built and supported by those of
the settlers who were interested. Here is the letter of
one of its pupils, Luther Parker's son Charles, which
affords a vivid picture of the manner of education in the
wilderness :

The schoolhouse was 14 x 16, of logs covered with shakes. It
had two windows, rough green oak boards for floor, and seats of
basswood slabs. On each side, where a window lighted a desk-like
shelf against the wall, sat the larger pupils, with slates or writing-
books, on a long bench, their backs to the teacher and the school. A
little sheet-iron, barrel-shaped stove did the heating. It was

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 117

brought all the way from New Hampshire by my father in his
covered wagon, and donated to the school by him. The building
and the school were a private enterprise, a free contribution by the
few families, mostly New Englanders, who had children. It stood
a little south of the present Tess Corners, and was built in the fall
of 1839. Ellen, Persis, and I had to go two miles, as we lived the
farthest west in the settlement. A IVIiss Hale taught the winter
school. She was paid the generous sum of two dollars per week,
and boarded round. All did their best the week the schoolma'am
was with them; but there was no butter or milk in most places.
Honey was substituted for both.

Two or three years after that the town organized the first school
district. Sometimes a fairly qualified teacher was secured; often
otherwise. One was an old man from New Hampshire; my father
and he had been schoolmates. He was well qualified for the work,
but we soon began to wonder why he went out every half hour, and,
boylike, we began to hunt; and one day — it was snowing — as soon
as he returned from one of his outings, I asked to go out, and, follow-
ing his tracks, found hidden in the snow a pint whiskey flask. Then
the boys had their fun. As the days passed he used to get rather
the worse for the flask before the close of the day, and the boys
began to cut up, until father, who was clerk, found out, and told
him he must give up the whiskey or resign. It was a little better
after that.^

NOTE

1 Written at River Falls, Wisconsin, March 17, 1911. Charles
Durham Parker was born at Indian Stream Dec. 27, 1827. On
Nov. 8, 1853, he was married to Angeliue Flora Southworth at
Muskego, in 1859 settled at Pleasant Valley, St. Croix county,
Wisconsin, was member of the assembly in 1869, Lieutenant
Governor in 1874-8, served twelve years on the state board of
control, and three years as a university regent. He has lived in
River Falls since 1895.

CHAPTER 16
The Territorial Legislature of 1846

In the election of 1845 Luther Parker was chosen
a member of the territorial legislature of Wisconsin,
representing part of Milwaukee county, which then
included what was to become Waukesha county. Its
two branches were at that time called the council and
the assembly. With Luther Parker in the assembly
were Samuel H. Barstow of Prairieville, later called
Waukesha, and W. H. Thomas of Lisbon. In the
council were J. H. Kimball of Prairieville, and Curtis
Reed of Summit.^ Henry Dodge was Governor.

The legislature met on January 5, 1846, with thirteen
members in the council and twenty-six in the assembly.
On Wednesday, January 7, the Speaker announced his
committees. Luther Parker was appointed a member
of the committees on schools and on engrossed bills,
and chairman of the committee on agriculture and
manufactures.

On the 14th Mr. Parker presented the petition of
Thomas Steele and thirty-two others, praying for an
act to amend an act to authorize the commissioners of
highways for the towns of Genesee and Maquango
(Mukwonago) to lay out and alter a territorial road
named therein. On the 16th he moved that the bill
to incorporate the city of Milwaukee be referred to a
select committee consisting of the members from Mil-
waukee county. On the same day he also presented
the petition of H. Van Vlick and thirty-six others,
inhabitants of Milwaukee county, asking for a division
of said county, and also four other petitions of other
inhabitants on the same subject.

118

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 119

The presentation of these petitions was the formal
beginning of Luther Parker's principal effort for his
constituents. He had been elected on the issue of the
division of Milwaukee county. Samuel Barstow
labored with him in the same cause. On the same day
on which the Parker petitions were presented Mr.
Barstow presented two petitions of the inhabitants of
Milwaukee county on the same subject, and introduced
the following resolution, which was adopted:

Resolved (the council concurring), that all petitions and re-
monstrances relating to the division of Milwaukee county be
referred to a joint select committee consisting of the delegates
from that county of both houses of the legislative assembly.

Mr. Barstow also gave notice that he would, on the
next day, ask leave to introduce a bill for the division
of the county of Milwaukee, and for the formation of
a new county.

On the 17th Mr. Parker presented one, and Mr.
Barstow four more petitions on the same subject. On
the 19th Mr. Barstow presented two, and Mr. Parker
several. On the 20th Mr. Parker presented the record
of the proceedings of a meeting of the citizens of Mus-
kego, relating to the division of Milwaukee county, and
Mr. Barstow, after the presentation of two petitions on
the same subject, was given leave to introduce a bill
to provide for the division of the county of Milwaukee,
which was read the first and second time the same day.
On that day the council also concurred in Mr. Barstow's
resolution of the 16th.

On the 21st each of the two presented a petition on
the usual subject. On this date Mr. Parker also pre-
sented a petition from citizens of Milwaukee county
asking for incorporation of the Milwaukee and Missis-
sippi Railway, and a bill to incorporate Carroll College
was reported passed by the council. It was about this

120 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

time that the agitation for better carrying faeiHties
was rising. In this one session bills were introduced
affecting a Milwaukee, Madison, and Mississippi Rail-
road Company, a Sheboygan and Mississippi Company,
a Milwaukee, Madison, and Mississippi Company, and
a Lisbon and Milwaukee Plank Road Company.

On the 23d Mr. Parker, for the committee on agricul-
ture and manufactures, to whom the subject had been
referred, reported a bill to amend an act entitled, "An
Act to Establish the Rate of Toll for Grinding." On
the 23d, 24th, and 26th Mr. Barstow presented more
petitions, and on the 26th Mr. Magone presented a
remonstrance from inhabitants of Milwaukee county.

On the last named date the bill for division was
reported by the committee of the whole with amend-
ments. Mr. Magone's motion that the bill be referred
to a select committee having been lost, the amendments
were concurred in. Further amendments by Mr. Ma-
gone and Mr. Thomas of Lisbon were rejected, and
second attempts made by both met a like fate.

On the 28th the assembly sat as committee of the
whole, with Mr. Parker in the chair, but adjourned at
the news of the burning of Councilman M. M. Strong's
home in Racine, with his wife and children.

On the 30th the council reported the passage of 32
(H. of R.), Mr. Barstow's bill for division. A bill for
the incorporation of Prairieville, reported by the com-
mittee of the whole on the same date, was passed on the
following day.

The act of division was approved on January 31, the
same day. On Tuesday evening, February 3, 1846, the
legislature adjourned, after a session of four weeks and
two days.

The act for division provided for the submission to
vote of the inhabitants of the sixteen townships of Mil-

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 121

waukee county which lay west of range twenty-one,
the question of their separation and erection into the
county of Waukesha. The vote was to be taken at the
spring election of the same year.^

The winning of the fight in the legislature, where the
opposition was considerable, was only the beginning of
the campaign. The real struggle took place in the
sixteen townships, which were given the privilege of
deciding for themselves.

The campaign was heated from the first, and toward
the end became charged with bitter animosity, and
even abuse. The committee in charge of the interests
of division was composed of William A. Barstow, Alex-
ander W.Randall, James Y.Watson, Andrew E. Elmore,
A. F. Pratt, and Luther Parker. Messrs. Turner and
Hunkins were also active, and many others. In March
the committee published the first number of a sheet
called The Waukesha Advocate. The second issue is
dated March 23, 1846, at Prairieville, W. T., and is
prefaced by the words, "Divided We Stand, United We
Fall." It contains a call addressed to all the voters of
the proposed county for a convention to be held at the
Junction House, Brookfield, on April 2, to discuss the
question of division, and is filled to the limit with argu-
ment and exhortation.

On March 27, by way of reply, appeared The Union-
ist, printed in the oflfice of the Milwaukee Courier. It
contains the copy of a call for an anti-division conven-
tion, to be held at a private house in Genesee, and
attended by five delegates from each town, and also a
report of the proceedings of the convention, at which
•a committee was appointed to prepare an address repre-
senting the views of the opposition to separation. The
address also is printed. It fills nine columns, and is
signed by the committee, A. L. Castleman, Curtis

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Reed, John S. Rockwell, Leonard Martin, Jesse Smith,
and E. W. Edgerton.

The burden of argument on both sides is largely
financial. Milwaukee county, including the proposed
Waukesha county, had at that time a population
of 25,000, and the town of Milwaukee itself 10,000.
The taxable property of the whole area was estimated
at $1,652,201, seven-eighths of which was real estate.
The party for division insisted that the sixteen town-
ships were contributing far in excess of their just share
of taxes. "The secret of the opposition to division
among our Milwaukee friends," says The Advocate, "is
this: that they know they will have to support their
own officers, build their own jails and poorhouses, and
pay their own taxes." The anti-division party, on the
other hand, dwelt upon the expense of a doubling of all
the machinery of government in the territory con-
cerned, the cost of transcription of records, and of extra
public buildings.

Charges of bad faith, and even personalities, are not
wanting in The Unionist colunuis. Under the caption,
*'The Ebbings and Flo wings of Patriotism," it prints:

It is said that if certain gentlemen in the proposed new county had
succeeded in obtaining certain oflBcial stations to which they have
been aspiring for the last three years, the division of Milwaukee
county would never have been heard of. Whether this is true to
the extent asserted we cannot say, but this much we can say, and
know to be true, that these defeated aspirants urged upon their
personal friends in the legislature the division of the county, on the
ground that as the county of Milwaukee now stood they could not
get the offices they desired. Now, is the largest and the most influ-
ential county in the territory to be cut to pieces, and people of
the proposed new county made to pay double their present amount
of taxes to gratify the selfish aspiration of a few over-greedy office-
seekers and county-seat speculators? This is a matter for tax-
payers to take into consideration. The question is, therefore, simply
this: whether Wm. A. Barstow, A. W. Randall, James Y. Watson,

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 123

A. E. Elmore, A. F. Pratt, and Hon. Luther Parker shall be gorged
with offices, and have the privilege of speculating in county-seat
village lots to boot, at the expense of the farmers who have to foot
the bills in the shape of increased taxes? Taxpayers, what say you?

The Unionist is also of opinion that the feelings of
honor of "Pratt, Barstow, and Co." "can never be
called into action with any instrument less potent
than a piece of cowskin, either in shape of a twisted
whip or the sole of a boot." It is also not without
humor. "A rose by any other name would smell as
sweet," it says. "So Waukesha by any other name
would be as foxy." "Divided we stand, as the man
said with his feet in the stocks." "United we fall, as
the rogues said when they were cast into prison."
"United we fall, as the coon said when they cut down
the tree." It asks the Advocate to "meet us with
equal fairness, and not appear on the very eve of elec-
tion with facts without proof."

This issue of The Unionist (the only one) provokes an
extra of The Advocate on April 3d. It reports a meet-
ing for division at the Muskego Center schoolhouse on
March 28, signed John Finley, Chairman, and Asa
Parker, Secretary, and is again filled with the financial
argument, but finds space also to gratify the now fully
generated passion of the campaign. Epithets abound,
and by way of final word, a "Warning" is sounded:

Warning. — ^Every man knows that for the last foiu- years it has
been the practice of the Milwaukee Jiinto, with what assistance they
could get from the country, to circulate, on the eve of any important
election, a budget of statements and falsehoods which have had
the result of influencing the election. After election the statements
are discovered to be false, and no man can be found responsible for
them. Voters of Waukesha, prepare for this farce at the coming
town meeting. Disinterested Milwaukee is privately at work vnth.
her press and tools in just such an operation. Some of the northern
towns, it is also understood, will import a large number of voters for
the purpose of affecting the elections. Look out for Milwaukee

124 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

and Summit treachery. The foul means they have used, the inter-
ference of their press, show the shifts to which they have been
reduced, and that they are fully prepared to use the most desperate
means to prevent the division of the county.

Not to be outdone, the wit of The Advocate retorts
upon the Unionist with: "An onion would smell as
sweet spelt with a U as any other way."

The election was held on Tuesday, April 7, and, if
contemporary reports are to be credited, was the occa-
sion of much petty bribery, repeating, and other illegal
voting. The division party was victorious, and
"Luther Parker and Company's proposition," as Hiber-
nicus named it in the Milwaukee Courier of March 21,
was adopted. The county was duly organized, with
Prairieville as its seat.

NOTES

iFor Luther Parker's activities in the legislature, see Journal
of the House of Representatives, Fourth Annual Session of the
Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Wisconsin.

2 Acts of 1846, pp. 23 ff.

CHAPTER 17

The Last Years

The record of Luther Parker's Hfe from 1846 to 1853
is scant. Such as it is, it is indicative of the usual activ-
ities of the pioneer who is possessed of more than ordi-
nary abihty and experience. The raising and market-
ing of his farm produce, the improvement of his estate,
the education of his children, the administration of
business, public and private, for himself and such
neighbors as invoked his aid, the political effort natural
to a man of conscience and pronounced convictions —
such was the content of his life, so far as outward event
may show, during its last half dozen years.

In October, 1846, Luther Parker's name appears
among the grand jurors of Waukesha county, and in
1849 and 1851 Asa Parker was among the petit jurors.

Politically, Luther Parker was a Democrat until the
rise of the Free Soil party, in the organization of which
in Wisconsin he took a prominent part. He sup-
ported Van Buren in the campaign of 1848, and in
1852 supported John Parker Hale of New Hampshire,
himself of Parker blood, and a member of the Indian
Stream commission of 1836.

In 1851 Luther Parker was elected a member of the
county board from Muskego. The board met on
November 11 at Waukesha. Andrew E. Elmore was
chosen chairman, and Luther Parker and Mr. Miner
were the tellers who announced his election. Mr.
Parker was appointed on the committees on the treas-
ury, on justices' and constables' accounts, and on the
support of the poor, being chairman of the second. His
name appears in the minutes of November 13, 14, 15,

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126 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

18, 19, 20, 21, and 22, in connection with the reports of
these committees and other business. The character
of his reports and motions indicates an attitude of
painstaking economy in the administration of the affairs
of the county.

In 1848, during the spring and fall terms, Mr. Parker's
son Charles was in attendance at the Normal Classical
Institute at Waukesha, conducted by Elihu Enos and
John W. Sterling, the latter of whom was called the
same year to the chair of mathematics, natural philos-
ophy, and astronomy in the University of Wisconsin,
where he remained until his death in 1884. During
the following winter Charles Parker taught school in
Muskego.

On the twenty-sixth of August, 1849, occurred the
death of Alletta Parker, of typhoid fever, at the age of
forty-six. She was interred in the Durham Hill ceme-
tery, several miles to the south of the Parker estate.

The autumn of the same year Ellen and Persis
Parker attended Mrs. Baker's Female Seminary at
Waukesha. Prior to 1848 the education of the Parker
children had been limited to the district school near
Tess Corners.

Mrs. Baker's Female Seminary is thus advertised in
the Waukesha Advocate of April 19, 1848:

Waukesha Feiviale Seminary

Mrs. Baker, Principal

Mrs. Baker has now closed her second term and 4th quarter, and
having been sustained beyond her most sanguine expectations, she
would say to her numerous friends and patrons that she will open
her school again on the 27th of March. Parents having daughters
to send to school may feel assured that pupils committed to her
charge will receive the same care and attention as those of her own
family, and she will endeavor as far as possible to supply to them
the protection and comforts of home. Wishing her school to become
a permanent one, she will gather around it all the appliances

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 127

required to give tone and finish to the education of a young lady as
fast as the growing interests of the school require it. Returning
many thanks for past favors, she hopes by her experience in teach-
ing, and by her unremitting exertions, to secure a liberal share of
public patronage.

The academic year will be divided into two terms of 22 weeks
each, and four quarters of 11 weeks each. The first term and first
quarter of the ensuing year will commence on the 27th day of March,
1848.

Departments — terms per qr.

Primary: First Principles of Orthography and Reading $1.00

With the above, Emerson's First part Arithmetic $1.50

Middle : Orthography, Reading, Geography, Arithmetic, Gram-
mar, Writing, Primary History and Botany $2 . 00

Highest: Natural Philosophy, History, Ancient and Modern,
Botany, Astronomy, Chemistry, Rhetoric, and

Physiology $3.00

Extras : Music on the Piano Forte, including use of instrument $8 . 00

French and Latin Languages, each $5 . 00

Drawing $2.00

Painting $3.00

Ornamental Needle Work $2 . 00

Worsted Flowers, Baskets, Birds, &c $1 . 00

Moral and Intellectual Philosophy, Logic, Criticism, Algebra,
and Geometry $4 . 00

There will be no deduction except in cases of long continued illness.
Pupils from abroad can be boarded at the Institution at a reasonable
price. — Produce taken at market price in part payment for board if
paid in advance. There will be charged during the winter 12^
cents per quarter additional for fuel.

In the fall of 1849 Charles Parker went east to at-
tend New Ipswich Academy, where his father had once
been a pupil. Discontinuing his study there in the
spring in order to supply a ten weeks' vacancy at Davis
Village, near by, he returned to Wisconsin in the au-
tumn of 1850, taught the following winter at Oak
Creek, and from 1851 to 1853 at Hartland, spending
the summers on the Muskego farm with his father.

128 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Ellen and Persis Parker also taught in Muskego after
their year at Mrs. Baker's seminary.

In April, 1850, Luther Parker was married to Susan
G. Goodman. From this union there was one child,
Mary S. Parker, born January 17, 1852.

On June 28, 1852, in the hope of regaining his failing
health, Luther Parker went on a journey to the scenes
of his earlier life in New England. During his visit to
Indian Stream, though they had long since become
outlawed, he discharged several obligations which he
had been unable to provide for on his departure, further
than was possible by the leaving of his land and goods
in charge of relatives and friends for the purpose. His
titles to the Indian Stream lands had been allowed
to lapse, and the mill had been burned several years
before his return.

Mr. Parker's health was not improved by his journey.
He continued to grow worse, and on June 15, 1853,
died. He lies beside Alletta Parker in the Durham
Hill cemetery. The inscription on their single stone
records :

LUTHER PARKER

died
June 15, 1853,
Aged 53 years.

What thou art, I was.
What I am, thou soon wilt be.

Also his wife
ALLETTA

died

August 26, 1849,

Aged 47 years.

Those who knew her best
loved her most.

PART TWO

ELLEN PARKER'S JOURNAL

Sixteen years after their coming to the West, when
she was nineteen and her father was fifty-two, and
approaching his end, Ellen Augusta Parker began a
journal, in a marbled-green, board-covered book about
eight by ten inches. In the sober, old-fashioned writing
on its faded pages may be found much to illuminate
the life of Luther Parker, and pioneer life in general.

It was on her birthday that she began the record.

A Trip to Milwaukee

Muskego, March 16th, 1852. Today is my birthday. It is a
beautiful day. We went up to Mr. Post's. Mrs. Hawkins went
with us. They were all feeling very bad, as this morning Michael
started for California. I hope he wiU meet with success, and soon
return to his friends and parents.

March 17th. Persis, Charles, and myself went do^vii to my micle
Hariph's — saw Mary, and Hannah Sullivan, also Mary Blott.
Louisa came home with us. We called at Mr. Sexton's, and saw
our old schoolmate, Sanford Grant. Did not know him.

Thursday, 18th. This morning we went to Milwaukee. The
wind blows very cold. We were quite cold when we reached the
city. Persis and myself went into Boyd's store and staid till ready
to start out. I bought a neck ribbon, comb, etc. About four
o'clock we started for Mr. Vallier's. The country through which
we passed was very pleasant; the road ran along the bank of the
lake. We reached our journey's end a little after dark. Found
Mrs. Vallier and family well, and glad to see us.

Friday, 19th. We arose early, Mrs. Vallier got breakfast, after
which a walk was proposed. We walked down the beach of the lake,
quite a distance, amusing ourselves by watching the broken pieces
of ice as they washed against the shore. We were at last stopped by
discovering a dead bodj' under a large piece of ice. He was sup-
posed to be a Norwegian sailor, who was probably drowned last fall.
We came from the lake, and called at Sexton's and told him about

131

132 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

the body under the ice. He and others went to see it. We went
back to Vallier's and took dinner, and then started for home. We
had a very cold ride; stopped at Hale's tavern and warmed us. It
was nine o'clock when we got home. Foxmd our airnt Prudence
here.

Saturday, 20th. Today it is very cold and impleasant. I have
been ironing all day. Charles has gone to take my aimt home.
About five o'clock it commenced snowing, and continued till nine.
Charles has not retm-ned. I have finished my apron, which I
began after ironing. Father foimd his way home through the snow.
He has been to Mr. Finley's.

A Teachers' Institute

Monday, 22nd. This forenoon Louisa went home, and I was pre-
paring to go to Genesee to attend the Teachers' Institute, Charles
and father and myself started in the afternoon. Charles and father
had to stop at Mr. Peck's and attend a lawsuit, which took them
two hours. I stopt and waited for them at Muckey's. We stopped
at Mukwonago and warmed, then went on. We reached Genesee
just after dark, and found Misses Root, Selleck, Bowe, HoUister, and
Mr. Selleck at Price's tavern. They had also come for the purpose
of attending the Institute. We took tea, then went to the school-
house. Heard a very good lecture, delivered by the Rev. Mr.
Camp, on the subject of teachers' institutes.

Tuesday, 23rd. This morning father went home. We all went
to the school room where the Institute was to be held. Mr. Enos
has not arrived from Madison yet, Mr. Camp takes charge of his
affairs; is quite a good teacher.

Tuesday evening. Mr. Enos came with the cars this evening, but
was too much fatigued to take any part in the debate of the evening
session.

Wednesday, 24th. Mr. Enos is in school today. Things did not
go off very lively today. We attended an evening session, and from
there went to a party at Mr. Remington's. Had quite a pleasant
time of it. Danced tUl two or three o'clock. It was dark and very
muddy, and going home we ran against a stump and broke our
wagon, so we sat there till they went after another. We did not get
to our boarding house till daylight.

Thursday, 25th. Arose quite late this morning. Had rather a
dull, sleepy school of it. After dinner Nettie and I went up to our

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 133

room and went to sleep. We felt better in the afternoon. Our
Institute did not meet this evening.

Friday, 26th. Today I attended the Institute as usual. Nothing
of importance occurred. In the evening Mr. Price sent for a fiddler,
and we danced till twelve o'clock.

Saturday, 27. Mr. Enos wished the Institute to close today, as
there were so few members in attendance. Some were very anxious
it should continue longer. He concluded he would stay till next
Wednesday.

Simday, 28th. This morning to meeting; heard a very good ser-
mon, delivered by the Rev. IVIr. Camp. This afternoon did not go
to church. Went to a prayer-meeting in the evening.

Monday, 29th. Nothing new transpires at school. We closed
about half past three, and all went for a walk. We went over the
hills to the railroad depot, and saw the cars come in. Staid at the
depot an hour, then came back by a diflPerent route. Mr. Sprague
showed us some very large springs which were on his father's farm.

Monday evening. After tea we attended a lecture on physiology,
given by a Mr. Boothe. Mr. Gove and Crockett are here tonight;
they are on their way to California.

Wednesday, 31st. Today our Institute closes. Did not go this
forenoon; staid at home 'with. Nettie. This afternoon our school
closed about three. Some went to Waukesha on the cars. The
rest of us staid at the tavern. This evening INIr. Price had a party.
We danced till three in the morning, then broke up.

April 1st. About noon today Mr. Selleck and sister, Miss Bowe,
and Miss Hollister bade us goodbye, and started for home. Father
came for us at two o'clock. We arrived at home quite late in the
evening, without any diflSculty. Mr. William Post was married
today to Miss Esther Johnson. They did not make much of a
wedding. The bride was dressed very pretty in a new silk dress
brought from England.

April and May

April 10th. This morning we were preparing to go to Mr. Clark's
a-visiting, when Mr. Selleck and sister and Miss Bowe all came to
see us. We got dinner, then all went to Clark's. Mary Bagley
was there. It commenced raining a short time after we got there.
Wf took tea at five o'clock. They then went after Mr. Elliot and
his fiddle, so we had a dance. It continued raining during the whole
evening.

134 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Sunday morning, 11th. The rain has ceased, but the roads are
quite muddy. Selleck and company went from here at ten o'clock.
Persis, Miss Reynolds, and myself took a walk down to the lake.
When we went back we found our folks had sent for us. We had a
pleasant ride home, although rather muddy. Pachal called this
evening — is going to start for California with the Doyles tomorrow
morning. Mike McShane goes with them. W. Cobb is here. He
will stay over night.

Tuesday, May 4th, 1852. This morning we did our work and
went to make cousin Louisa a visit. Aunt is not at home. We
took tea early, then went and called on Mrs. Sexton and family.
Mary was at her sister's, Jared in Milwaukee. We sat and chatted
a few minutes, then came home.

Wednesday 5th. This morning I received a letter from my old
friend and schoolmate, Augusta Colburn of Illinois. This afternoon
Persis and I went up to Mr. H. Peck's. Had a very pleasant visit.
H. is in fine spirits — has considerable to say about M. P. We got
home about dark. It has been very warm today — some appearance
of rain this evening.

Thursday morning, 6th. Persis is ironing this morning. Father
is not as well as he has been; he is going to Mr. Sexton's with his
wife this afternoon. The weather is warm and pleasant, but there
are numerous signs of rain — wind in the south. The wdnd howls
without dismally. It always makes me sad to hear the wdnd howl.
The Indian says it is the wailing of discontented spirits. I shall go
to Mrs. Sexton's this afternoon with mother, as father is too unwell
to dri-^e the team.*

Friday, seventh. This afternoon Persis and myself took sister
up to Uncle Giles's. Staid till five o'clock. We had but just got
home when the large black clouds began to roll up in the west, and
the thunders were heard in the distance, and ere long the rain began
to fall. We had a beautiful shower, which makes the grass appear
more green than ever.

Saturday, 8th. I was quite imwell this morning. Our folks went
up to Mr. Post's a- visiting. About noon our cousin, Baxter Parker,
came from the East. He will probably spend the summer with us.
Just before tea Louisa came; she will stay all night.

Sunday, 9th. We went to the Catholic church this morning;
came back by Sexton's. Saw Mary and Robert walking in the
garden. They appeared to be enjoying themselves well.

* These are the first references to the illness which was to bring Luther Parker's life
to a close.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 135

When we got home we found Mr. William and Nathan Cobb here.
We got tea early, then went and took a walk down to the lake,
Stopt at Mr. Smith's, and they gave us some maple sugar. We had
a very pleasant walk; got back home about sundowTi. The Messrs.
Cobb have gone home; also Cousin Louisa, and we are here alone
once more.

Tuesday, 11th. This morning Mr. W. Cobb came here. He is
going to plowing on his farm. He will board here a week.

Wednesday, 12th. I received some letters from Ann and Caro-
line Southworth. In the afternoon Uncle Asa and family came.
After tea, Mary Sexton. Staid over night.

Thursday. Our folks have gone to Mr. Hiram Hale's. Mary
is here with us.

Friday. This morning Mr. N. Cobb came to help his brother.
Mary went home about ten o'clock.

Saturday, 15th. We went to the lake today to carry the IVIr.
Cobbs their dinner. Took a ride in a canoe. Coming home, we
called to see Mr. Smith. Mr. Cobb got his work done, and went
home tonight.

Sunday. The day has been very unpleasant; rained part of the
time. Mr. Sexton and Ives called here this evening. I was pre-
sented with a philipena present, a book, the title of which is The
Golden Gift.

Monday, 17th. Quite cold today. We did a very large wash-
ing— did not get done till three o'clock. Father has gone up to
Uncle Asa's. George Green came to see us tonight.

Tuesday, 18th. Last night was cold; there was a slight frost.
This morning we took up om- carpet, moved our cupboard, etc.
William Cobb and father called here when returning from W.'s farm.
Father and Cousin Baxter have gone to Waterford to mill. About
five it commenced raining; rained considerable dm-ing the night.

Wednesday, 19th. This morning we arose quite late. Clouds
hide the sun's bright face from us. We ironed some this forenoon.
I fixed my muU dress. Margaret Fuller and Mary Myers called on
us. Father and cousin have returned from Waterford. Father has
been sick all the time he was there. I hope a journey east may
improve his health.

Thiu-sday, 20th. This morning we washed our carpets. In the
afternoon went to the graveyard. Stopped and took tea with Mrs.
McCleary. We came and staid at Sexton's till sundown. Jared
came home with us. Friday we cleaned the cellar. Saturday, did
our baking.

136 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Sunday, May 23rd. It is a beautiful day — also one of the warm-
est we have had this spring. After doing our work in the morning,
Persis and myself took sister Mary out riding. We had* just re-
turned when Mr. and Mrs. Law came. They staid till after tea.
Dr. Bigelow also took tea here. Just night, F. Smith and H.
Shields called.

Monday. We have been washing today. It is a very warm day.
Our folks have begun planting com.

Tuesday, 25th. The day is very pleasant. I went to Milwaukee
with father and mother. Went to Edwin Skinner's — saw Caroline
Fowler there. I staid with her during the night. Father and
mother staid with Mrs. Hill.

Wednesday. I staid at Mr. S.'s and took care of Mary while
mother went and did her trading. She bought Persis and me some
white dresses, also some pink ones. We got home just sundown.
Wednesday I received two letters, one from J. N., the other from
E. S.

4
A Summer in Muskego

June 28th, 1852. This morning my father started for New Hamp-
shire— in hopes to recover his health by visiting his native state.
Mother, Charles, and Persis accompanied him to Milwaukee. It
is a long time for him to be absent. He intends staying till the
first of October. Cousin Baxter became homesick, and went back
before father could get ready to accompany him.

Sunday, July 4th. Persis, William and myself went to the Catho-
lic church. After returning, we went to the lake. Took a ride in
the boat. Saw Mrs. T. Sexton, Mary S. and J. S. and Robert Ives.
We staid at the lake tUl night; then R. and J. came home with us.

July 5th. Today is quite pleasant, yet it looks like rain. This
afternoon we are going to a ball at Martin's new tavern. William
has gone after Cousin Louisa. It is now two o'clock. Mr. Sexton
and Ives have arrived, also W. and Lida, on their way to the ball.
Mr. Cobb came about three, and, being ready, we set out for Mar-
tin's. Had a fine ride, and fine company. Our ball passed off very
pleasantly; all seemed bound to enjoy themselves. We got home
about seven in the morning. I went to bed and slept till two o'clock.
Wednesday we received a letter from father. He is now in Massa-
chusetts. His health is no better as yet.

July 25th. Today is Sunday. My uncle Asa's family are here,
also Cousin Louisa. About two, Mr. W. and N. Cobb came, and

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 137

staid till after tea. Miss Bowe called on us just at night. We went
to Mr. Clark's with her. Charles went to Vernon after Angelina.
He did not get back till ten o'clock. ^\Tiile he was gone we went
and took a sail on the lake. After returning to the tavern we had
quite a heavy thunder shower. Miss Bowe came home with us and
spent two days.

Monday. The Messrs. Cobb came to board with us and cut
their oats at the lake. We got done washing in the forenoon. After
tea we all went to the lake.

Tuesday, 27. Today Persis, Angeline, Augusta Bowe, and my-
self put on bloomers, and weait a-visiting to Edward McKowan's.
There were six bloomers there. We got lost in the woods coming
home, and Persis was under the necessity of getting Dr. Bigelow to
show us the way out. We then reached home without further
trouble.

Sunday, August first. This morning we went to church; in the
afternoon to Hale's schoolhouse to meeting. After tea Persis,
Angeline, and myself called on Mrs. Smith.

Monday, 2nd. Charles has gone to take Mary and mother to
Milwaukee on their way to Ohio. He brought CaUy Fowler out
with him to stay two weeks.

Sunday, August 8th. This afternoon Charles and Persis went
and took Angeline home. Mr. W. and N. Cobb called and took tea
with Cally and myself. The Cobbs will board here again this week.

Tuesday, 10th. Cally and I went dow^i to Sexton's this after-
noon. After we got there we went a-fishing; did not get back tUl
late, so staid all night, ^^^len we got home we found Julia Ells-
worth here. She staid tiU Friday night.

Saturday, 14th. All the forenoon there has been a slow, misting
rain. Tliis afternoon we went to the city to take Cally home.
Got home about eight in the evening; foimd Persis enjoying herself
with Steel.

Monday, August 16th. We are now alone for the first time since
mother went away. We have been washing. Charles is at Uncle
Asa's. W. and N. called and took tea with us. They are going to
bring their sister with them tomorrow.

Wednesday, 18th. Emma Cobb is now with us. We received a
letter from father. He is getting much better. We also heard from
mother. She arrived at her home in Ohio safely.

Sunday, 22nd. We went to a camp-meeting today, up near
Babcock's. Saw Angeline, N. C, L. H., and a great many other
friends.

138 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Thursday, 26. This morning we were surprised at receiving a
call from our friend Minerva, whom we supposed to be in Racine.
It is pleasant to meet with friends unexpectedly.

Friday, Aug. 27, 1852. Persis went up to Mr. Green's with Mi-
nerva this afternoon. Mr. N. C. came to bid us farewell, as he is
going to start for California tomorrow. He staid and took tea with
us, perhaps for the last time, though I hope he may be one of the
fortunate ones, and soon return.

Sunday 29. Charles went to Mr. Sexton's. L. Hale and Mr.
True, from the city, called here; also Robert Ives and Jared Sexton.

Monday. We attended a fimeral tbday. Mr. Goff's (?) oldest
boy was killed by the kick of a horse.

Wednesday, Sept. 8th. Today Persis and myself went to Vernon
to attend Miss Southworth's school examination. There were a
number of people present. She closed her school at three o'clock,
and we all went to a swing; had fine times swinging, then went and
took tea with Mrs. Hammond, after which we came home. Miss S.
came with us to spend three weeks.

Wednesday. Mr. Shields is here threshing. We received a letter
from father, Charles one from N. Cobb.

Saturday, 11th. This afternoon we went to make Mrs. Green a
visit. After we had been there a while Julia Clark came with her
father. About four Charles came after us, as Mrs. Vallier had
come from Lake Town to see us; also Miss Sexton.

Sunday. We went to see Julia Ellsworth today — came around by
Sexton's. This evening the Old Gent came.

Monday. VaUier's folks went home. I went to Mr. Ives's in the
afternoon.

Thursday, September 23, 1852. This morning about eight o'clock
Mr. W. Cobb took passage on the Arctic (boimd for New York) on
his way to California. His brother has now been gone three weeks.
When he left here Tuesday morning we did not think it would be so
long ere we should have the pleasure of again seeing him. It may
be we shall never again see him or Nathan. Yet we will hope for
the best, and anticipate spending many happy hours with them.

September 27. Mary Sexton is with us. In the evening Jared
and Ben came. Dr. Bigelow was here.

Tuesday. We whitewashed the chambers. I received a letter
from E. S. of Genesee.

Thursday. This morning Persis went to help cousin Louisa pre-
pare for a small party. We went down just after dark. It was

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 139

eight o'clock when we got there. We staid till twelve. It was some
muddy, also rainy, coming home.

Sunday morning, Sept. 30th. It was quite late this morning when
we arose. It is a very impleasant morning — rainy and muddy.
After breakfast ^^ilIiam went and took Hannah Sullivan home on
horseback. When we had completed our work Ann and myself got
our bonnets and were gomg to take a walk. Just as we were on the
point of starting I looked up the road and saw oiu' folks coming.
They have just returned from the East — they have been gone a long
time — Pa about three months, and Susan two. Mary is about eight
months old — she can walk by holding on to one's fingers. Pa's
health is some better, though not so he is able to labor much. After
thej^ had been here a while Dr. Bigelow and Mr. Hawkins came to
see Pa.

Weeks have flown — yes, even months — since I have wTitten a line,
or even a word, in my journal. I hope it may not be so long in
future.

January 8th, 1853. My father's health is no better, but rather
poorer than when he got back from the East.

A SCHOOLMISTEESS OF 1853

January 8, 1853. I have been teaching in Mr. W. D. Peck's
district four weeks. Have had thirty-four pupils. I am boarding
at Mr. EUarson's — a very good boarding-place. I attended a ball
at Mr. Dewey's, Christmas; went with sister and Billy. Last week
I closed my school for the week on Thursday. Robert Ives came
up after me. It commenced sno^\'ing that evening and snowed all
night. The next day (Friday) we went to Waterford to attend a
New Year's ball. There we saw Mr. Selleck. Had a grand time.
Charles came from his school in Hartland and went with us; also
Angeline. and Mary from jNIilwaukee. We got back to Clark's
about ten o'clock. Mrs. Clark desired us to stay that evening, as
she was going to give a small party. We staid, and Charles and
Mr. Jolmson, our teacher, came up in the evening. We had an
excellent supper and fine dance; got home about one o'clock. Went
to bed and slept till nine next morning. That night Robert came
and brought me up to my school, and here I am. But it is almost
nine, so I must start to school.

February 11th, Friday evening. Oh dear! Everything has gone
wrong today; the young ones have not half got their lessons, and

140 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

such a racket and confusion as there has been all day cannot be
equalled. And what a lonely, dismal day we have had. The sun
has not showed its bright face since early this morning. The wind
has been blowing bleak and cold. Oh for the bright, lovely days
of summer, when all is gay and happy, and we can go forth in the
dewy eve, and listen to many feathered songsters as they pour
forth their sweet note as if in praise of the Creator of all !

I should be happy to spend this evening at home. Last week I
was there but a few minutes. I staid at Mr. Clark's Saturday
night, and Smiday we had such a pleasant walk. The same com-
pany will never all meet again together. One of them is now gone,
another is going ere long, perhaps never to return. Oh, why must
friends so soon leave each other's society, where they have enjoyed
many happy moments, and wander among strangers who look upon
them coldly, and seem to care not what may be their fate.? Yet
such is the lot of man.

Saturday. This has been a lovely day. Ida went home with me
Saturday night. We walked as far as Mr. Clark's, then Mr. Steele
took his horse and buggy and carried us home. We found Mr. C.
there. I received a letter from my schoolmate J. B. N.

Sunday was a long, lonely day to me. The sun arose bright and
pleasant, but soon the fair heavens were overspread with dark clouds,
and before ten o'clock the snow began to fly, and continued, stopping
only at short intervals, all day. Sunday evening was very cold.
Mr. Johnson came and brought Ida and myself up to Mr. Morous's.
We stopped at Mr. C.'s and saw Sally.

Monday, Feb. 14th. This is a clear, cold day, but very pleasant.
I came to school this morning quite early. There were only two
pupils here. I was obliged to wait till twenty minutes past nine for
them.

Tuesday night. Last night we had quite a snow storm. This
morning Henry yoked his oxen, and brought me to school. It has
been rather a long day to me. I feel rather unwell, so everything
goes wrong, of course. The sun has shone so brightly all day that
our snow is almost gone. Mr. Mills is going to preach here this
evening. It is rather doubtful about my attending.

Wednesday noon. It is a beautiful day; the sun shines very warm
and pleasant. The children are rimning arotmd and making a great
racket. Some are sweeping, and some out of doors enjoying the
warm sunshine. I did not attend meeting last evening, as the road
was very muddy. I think I shall this evening. I must sweep my
dusty schoolroom. I went to meeting this evening. Mr. Mills

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 141

preached. Going home we met Maria Van. She invited me, also
Mr. C, to attend a party at their house Friday evening.

Thursday it snowed all day. In the evening I came to meeting.
Mr. M. did not attend, as he was quite unwell.

Friday, 18th. This morning Mr. Morous brought me to school.
The walking is very bad. This afternoon SaUy Arm and Amy called
to see me. A few minutes after they came Mr. W. H. Wise made
his appearance. He came from Waukesha, where he is attending
school. Friday evening after school I went to Mr. EUarson's and took
tea, then took a sleighride down to Mr. Clark's. When we got there
we found the young people from the Corners there on their way to
the party. Mrs. Clark's folks were almost ready. We got there a
little while after dark, then went to Martin's and had a dance.
Came back to IVIr. Van's and took supper, then came to Clark's and
staid till morning.

Saturday Clark's folks went to Milwaukee. Mr. C. and Steele
and our schoolmaster, Persis, and myself went down to Sally's
school. When we got there we found she was not teaching. So we
all went to Hale's school, then came to INIr. Clark's. Mr. I. and
Persis went home after spending the evening, but I staid, so as to
come to Mr. Morous's Simday. Sally and I went to bed about twelve
o'clock. Mr. and Mrs. C, did not retvu-n from the city Saturday
night.

Sunday morning. Sally and myself arose quite late. It was
snowing very hard, and continued till ten o'clock. We took a
walk to the lake, came back and read awhile, then helped Mr. C.
write a letter. Sunday evening we retired at ten.

Monday morning. Mr. Steele came and brought me up to
school. Monday evening I came to meeting. Mr. C. and his family
were here. They are going to have a small party tomorrow evening.

Tuesday evening. After school I went to EUarson's, and pre-
pared to go to the party. I had not been there but a few minutes
when a family from Racine came. I dressed, then helped Mrs. E.
get tea. After tea Mr. Steele came after me. When we got to
Clark's Persis was there. We had a good time. I came back next
morning in time to commence my school.

Wednesday evening. I came to meeting. There were not a
great many present. IVIr. C. came, and brought me two letters
from brother. He called at Mr. Morous's, and staid a while.

Thursday afternoon. Sallie Johnson called and staid with me in
the afternoon. After school I went up to Mr. Reynolds's with her.
We went and spent the evening with Miss Smith.

142 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Friday. About ten o'clock my friend F. B. came to spend the
day with me. He is rather lonely; he is going to leave us Saturday
or Simday and go to his home. We shall miss his society very much.^
In the afternoon Sallie and Miss Smith came. We all went to Mrs.
Smith's after school and took tea, then came to meeting. From
there I went home with Sallie.

Saturday morning. It is very pleasant — also muddy. Sallie
and myself were going to Mr. Johnson's school, but did not feel
very well. Frank went, and I. and P. came and brought him
home. While he was gone his brother came after him.

Saturday evening. We felt as though it might be the last evening
we should spend with Mr. C, We sat up till quite late. I shall not
say how late it was when some of us retired.

Sunday morning. How lonely it appears without; everything
corresponds with our feelings. The sky is overcast with dark
clouds, and aU nature seems husheid in dread repose. After break-
fast our friend prepared to take his leave. Why do all look so sad.^^
It is because a dear friend is going. They went about nine o'clock.
May happiness be ever his, and dear and kind friends minister to
his wants, and console him in trouble and affliction, and when he is
called to leave this world of trials may angels conduct him to that
celestial world where all is peace and happiness, and partings are
never known !

Oh, what a long day this has been! Some have been reading,
some writing, and some singing. They are very kind to me, trying
to make the time pass pleasantly. And all because F. B. C. is gone,
they say. Our folks went home about four. Then the rest of us
came to meeting. Mills took his text from the fifth chapter of
Galatians, seventh and eighth verses. I rode back to Morous's
with Clark. I fotmd them all well and enjoying life.

Monday. Mr. M. brought me to school this morning. The mud
is nearly over our shoes. I went to meeting in the evening, and thus
passed the first day of the week in the sober routine of school duties.

Tuesday night. This is the first day of spring. I hope it is not
an emblem of the rest of the spring. If it is, I can but say: "Oh,
for pleasant summer!"

March 3rd. Oh, what a lovely evening! It would be pleasant to
take a walk. I have been sweeping, and now my schoolroom looks
very neat — ^neater than it will after meeting, I imagine. I went to
my dinner today noon, and left the yoimg ones alone. It is the
first time I have been home after my dinner since I came here.
How happy would I be could I but see the one that I saw one week

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 143

ago tonight! But no, it is impossible. He is far away. This has
been a lovely day. I saw Ida at noon at Mr. Babcock's.

Thursday. This afternoon, just after school commenced, some-
one came to the door and knocked. I opened it, and whom should
I see but Persis ! I was surprised to see her, as I had not the least
idea she would come at all. Steele came wath her. After school I
went with Steele to take P. home, then came back and staid at
Morous's all night. Steele spent the evening there.

Friday evening. This is the pleasantest evening we have had
this spring. It is a lovely evening! One week ago this evening I
was with Sallie and Mr. Cram in this very room, but now they are
both gone, and I am here alone. I should be very happy to see
them a few moments this evening.

A Spring Vacation

Saturday. I must close school early tonight, for I am going home.

Saturday night. I walked home; stopped at the P. O. and put a
letter in for A. H. Colburn. Wlien I got home I found father very
sick. The rest were well. Persis and Mr. Johnson had a great deal
to say about the Saturday night that we were all up to Clark's,
Mr. Cram's last night in Muskego, also about galvanizing watches.

Simday. Sallie Johnson and Robert called and staid with us an
hour or two. Pa had a fainting fit, which frightened us very much.
About two o'clock Persis and Johnson came to bring me home. I
staid at Morous's all night, and it is now INIonday noon and here I
am in my schoolroom.

Tuesday forenoon. I arose at half past six o'clock this morning.
There was every appearance of its being a pleasant day. The sun
soon hid behind a dark cloud, and there it has been ever since.
About four o'clock the wind began blowing at a. furious rate, and the
snow came with it. Thus it continued all the evening.

Wednesday. The morning is pleasant, but cold. I have not a
very large number of pupils in attendance. The snow of last night
is now all, or nearly all, gone. I must close school as early as pos-
sible and go to Mr. Morous's and do some wasliing. I expect my
friend Johnson up to see me this evening.

Thursday noon. I went home last night and went to washing.
I received a letter from a very dear friend. I was very happy to
receive it. I hope I may have the pleasure of seeing the writer ere
long. Mr. J. went home about nine o'clock.

144 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Thursday afternoon. Mr. and Mrs. Burritt called and staid
with me an hour or two. Thursday evening after school I staid
and swept my schoolroom. Going home I met Mr. Sexton and
Mary E, Taylor. They were going to Cole's. After tea Ida called
to see me. When she went home Morous went a part of the way
with her. After she went I did my ironing.

Friday noon. This morning I arose late — did not get to school
till a few miuutes before nine. Tomorrow I am going to Hartland
with Persis and Johnson.

Tuesday. Last Friday night I staid at Mr. Babcock's. Satur-
day morning arose quite early and went to Mr. EUarson's to prepare
for going to Hartland. I dressed, then helped Fynette get her work
out of the way. Mrs. E. went down to the Drought neighborhood
to quarterly meeting. I had got the work all done and sat down to
sewing, when Mr. Johnson and sister came. We got to Waukesha
about noon. We had not been there long when I looked out and saw
Charles coming. We were glad to be saved the journey of going
to Hartland in the mud. After dinner I went to the bookstore and
purchased some books and tickets for my scholars. About two
o'clock we started for SaylesvUle. Charles and Mr. Wicks went
with us. We had a pleasant ride, though a very muddy one. It
was nearly four when we got to Mr. Bartholomew's. We came by
the way of Mr. Cram's to have F. go with us, but he was gone. I
like Mrs. B. very much. She is very lively — ^looks much like her
brother Smith. Sunday we went out and took a walk on the hills
that boimd Saylesville on the south; had a very pleasant time.
We went back and took dinner, then started for Muskego. When
shall we have the pleasure of again seeing Mr. Johnson.? His school
is now out, and he has left us. We came as far as Mukwonago, and
stopped and warmed, then came as far as Martin's, where we met
Sallie. Charles and Persis staid the evening, then went home. I
staid aU night. In the morning S. went to her school. I wrote a
letter to F. in answer to his of last week. Then Steele brought me
to EUarson's. I changed my dress and called on Ida, came back,
and staid at Mr. Babcock's all night.

School Again, and Twenty

Tuesday. I am in school once more — have only nineteen pupils
today. Tuesday evening I washed some. After I had got done
Ida, Betsy, and Miss Weir called and spent the evening with me.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 145

Wednesday, March 16th. This is my birthday. I am now
twenty. How differently am I situated from what I was one year
ago toda3\ Michael Post started for the gold region. Where shall
I be one year from this day.^ None but the great Ruler of all can
tell. In the afternoon Ida came to see me. After school I swept,
then we sat down and chatted till sundown, and then went to Mr.
Morous's and spent the evening.

Thursday. Mrs. Babcock has gone to see her daughter. I must
go and get tea for Mr. B. tliis evening.

Thursday. Oh dear! What a long daj' this has been! I wash
school was out. This has been the warmest day of spring so far.
Miss Clara Cole just came and called at the door a moment. I
wish I could see Jimmy and his sister. Oh dear, I feel like a fooll

Thursday evening. About three o'clock the heavens became over-
cast with clouds, and everything had the appearance of an approach-
ing storm. I was obliged to stay with one of my pupils after school
till nearly five. By that time the rain was falling in large drops.
I imagine she had a pleasant walk home. I went to Mr. B.'s and
got tea for him, and then washed the dishes and went to knitting.
He went to prayer meeting, and left me alone. I had a lonely time
of it. All I could hear was the monotonous sound of the rain falling
on the roof. I was obliged to sing " They have given her to another "
to keep from being too lonely. If Jirmny had only stopped in just
then we would have had a social time.

Friday eve. This morning I arose quite early and prepared break-
fast. Just after sunrise Mr. Virgil Cobb and Miss Julia Ellsworth
passed by on their way home from Martin's sugar party. I washed
the dishes, made the beds, swept, and attended to numerous other
household duties, then combed my hair, and prepared to come to
school. Mr. Mills called when I was washing dishes.

Thursday evening. School would close now for tonight, but the
geography class have not their lessons. There sits a girl, cramming
her mouth full of small stones. I shall be rather lonely when I
leave my scholars, which will be in a week, and a few days. I
have passed many pleasant hours with them. My children have
now got their lessons. I will close school for today, then sweep and
go to Mr. Babcock's and do my ironing, and see if She has returned;
if not I will be obliged to get tea again.

Saturday morning. I almost imagined when I arose this morning

that summer was once more with us, with her warm, sunshiny days

and bright, beautiful flowers. I came to school at eight o'clock this

morning, and wrote a letter to Mrs. Bartholomew. I am going

146 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

home tonight after school. Last night I staid here at the school-
house till sundown. When I got to Mr. B.'s I had to make a fire
and go to gettmg tea. When it was partly ready, She came.
After tea I ironed, and then retired. I have a very small number
of pupils today. It seems rather lonesome. The mud keeps them
at home. No wonder!

Monday morning. This is a pleasant morning. I arose early
and came to my school again. Found everything as I left them.
Saturday night I went home, Sunday, came back, stopped at Mr.
Clark's and took tea, got to Mr. Babcock's after dark, read a story,
then went to bed.

Tuesday evening. Last night I staid at Mr. Muckey's. Was
much amused to hear Mr. M. tell his stories. Mr. Clark called to
see me this morning. Tuesday evening I called on Ida; found she
had a beau, so I went up to see Sarah Smith; found Maria Vander-
walker with her. We had a very good visit. Sat up till eleven
o'clock.

Wednesday evening. This morning I arose and pulled Sarah
and Maria out of bed about a dozen times, then left them to their
own destruction, and went and combed my hair. Lucien fastened
S. into the bedroom, so it made her breakfast late. It was five
minutes to nine when I started for school. When I got here a num-
ber of my pupils were assembled around the door. I unlocked the
door and came in. The room was very cold. I sent after some
fire, then went out and picked up some chips, and had a good fire in
a short time. When I commenced school it was half past nine. I
shall keep them half an hour this noon. This morning I saw Mr.
Hibbard from Troy. He was passing, and something was said in
sport about calling him in, when Lucien stuck his head out of the
door and told him the girls wanted to see him. He came in. We
ran into the other room, but he came in and sat down, and we were
obliged to come out and see him. He sat a few minutes and took
his leave. I became acquainted with him at a Christmas ball at
Dewey's.

Thursday morning. Last evening Mr. Steele came after me to
go to Mr. Clark's and spend the night. Mr. Reymert's folks came,
also Mr. Martm's, and Reynolds's. There I was, with the married
people! I enjoyed myself well, however. We had supper about
ten o'clock, then cleared the table and danced awhUe. They
sent Jolm Clarke after Ida, but she would not come. The Captain
was very much disappointed.

Friday. Last evening when I had got nearly done sweeping, Ida

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 147

and Betsy Cole called on me and staid about an hour, then B. went
home, and Ida and myself staid here tUl sundown. I then went
part way with her, came back, and went to stay with Mrs. Ellarson
all night. We had some warm sugar, which was very nice.

Friday afternoon. Persis and Sallie and Mrs. Reynolds have
just left me. They were going to the river, and are going to call for
me when they come back. Shall I go.'* I hardly know what to
say about it. If I do, I will not teach tomorrow.

Monday. Friday night I went to Clark's with P. and Sally, and
staid there till today. P. went home Saturday morning. I helped
Mrs, C. mend in the forenoon. In the afternoon we went to the
Bend. Stopped at Dr. Putnam's and ate some warm sugar as we
were returning. We got home about seven o'clock — found Mr.
Graves there. I finished Mrs. C.'s sacque, then retired. Sun-
day Sallie and myself arose and took a walk do^Ti to the lake
before breakfast, which gave us a good appetite. Sunday afternoon,
Sallie and myself got Dr. Bigelow to let us take his horse. He
went and harnessed and brought him to the door, and away we went
down the road toward Reymert's. Sallie held the reins, and I the
whip, which I had to use frequently; so much that my arm is lame
today. We went just below Elliott's, and then concluded to go
and see my folks. We turned off of the plank, and away we went
through the mud. The Old Doctor was determined not to hurt
himself by going fast, so he moped along at the alarming rate of a
mile in ten hours. We got through the mud without any serious
injury, and arrived at home about four o'clock. Persis was at
Uncle Asa's, so we went up there, taking Charles with us. We
took tea there, then came back. Our horse came back good.

We walked down to John McKowan's in the evening, came back,
and went to bed.

Monday night. This morning Steele came and brought me up.
There was no fire, but I soon made one.

Monday evening. I took tea with Mrs. Burritt, then went and
spent the night at Mr. Morous's.

Tuesday morning, March 30th. This morning when I awoke my
throat was so sore I could hardly speak. It is some better now,
although quite bad. This is the last day of school for this winter.

At Home

Sunday, April 10th. It has been a long, long time since I have
written a word in my journal. The day after my school closed I

148 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

was taken sick, and have been so ever since. My ear began to
pain me in the morning, and continued till night, when it began to
discharge matter. When I got home they steamed my ear, which
made it feel some better. Saturday Mr. Johnson came to see us.
I could not enjoy myself any — was obliged to keep my bed a part
of the time. Sunday Persis went down to Ives's to commence her
school on Monday morning, which she has taken for the term of
three months. Friday evening, April 8th, Sarah Reynolds came just
after dark to make us a visit. Saturday General Strut came from
Waukesha. As soon as he came we sent him after Persis. She
seems much pleased with her school. We were all seated on the
- floor in the kitchen Saturday evening when some one came and
rapped at the door. We hustled about and got up — opened the
door, and there was our dear friend Frank and Mr. Steele. If I
had been well I should have had a fine time. Sunday, about noon,
Sarah bid us farewell, perhaps forever. This week she is going to
Ohio with Clarke. I hope we may meet again. We have passed
many pleasant hours together during the past winter. How often
shall I recall to memory the happy hours we have spent together.
At two o'clock F. went home. When shall we see him again .^
Perhaps never. Life is one continual scene of— but I cannot write
any more now; my ear pains me so much.

Monday. I did the housework while S. washed. It commenced
raining in the evening — rained all day Tuesday and Wednesday.

Thursday. This morning when I arose everything without was
covered with snow. It looked dreary enough. About noon the
sun began to shine rather warm, which soon sent the cold snow from
the face of the earth. How lonely it seems here to have Persis
absent. I wish I could see her tonight.

Friday evening, 6 o'clock. Another long day has passed into
eternity. How slowly time passes to me. I am here all alone
with our folks, and not a soul has been here this week. Father's
health has been miserable, which renders it more unpleasant. My
school has been out almost three weeks; it seems more like three
months. Persis has now been teaching two weeks. I wonder if
she will come home tomorrow. It has now clouded up, and has
every appearance of a storm. I hope it may not rain again so soon.
I should like to be placed in California for a few minutes this evening,
and have a chat with our friend Michael Post. It is very likely he
would like to see someone from the town of Muskego again. I will
not write any more tonight. My head pains me some — on account
of my ear, no doubt. Will it ever get well.^

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Sunday, April 17th. I have been out to Vernon today to see
Angeline. It was about noon when we got there — found Mr. Web-
ster's folks pretty well. We took a walk up to the schoolhouse
where Ann is going to teach this summer. Tea wa,s ready when we
returned, so we sat down and drank it, then prepared to come home.
Charles would not come home without Ann, so she came with us.
We arrived at home just dark.

Monday, 18. Today I helped wash — the first washing I have
done in a long time. I was very tired when we got through. I
went to bed and had a nap, which rested me some. After tea Mr.
Cobb called to see father.

Tuesday, 19. My ear pains me a considerable yet. I don't
know as it is ever going to get well. S. is cleaning and whitewas.hing
her bedroom this forenoon. This afternoon Angeline and I went
up to see Aunt Hannah. Charles came about three o'clock to take
A. home. I staid till after tea, then called to see Aunt Nancy.
She was well, and glad to see me. After I had been home a while
Charles brought me a sweet little book from the Center P. O. which
my friend Frank had the kindness to send me. It is very pretty.

Wednesday evening, April 20th. This is a beautiful evening,
though there are some appearances of rain. We have been cleaning
house today. I am very weary. My head feels very bad, also.
I received another letter from Mr. C. today. I did not expect it.
I should be happy to see him this evening, and Persis, too. She
has not been at home in a long time. Pa is no better. I fear he
never will be more. We must trust in Providence.

9
A Busy Season

Thursday, 21st. We have got our kitchen cleaned today — got
through about tlu-ee o'clock. Robert called after his papers. I
sent a line to Persis by him. How dreary everytliing without ap-
pears ! I think we are going to get a shower. The rumbling thunder
may be heard at short intervals in the west, and ever and anon a
flash of lightning crosses our sight. There, the rain begins to patter
against my window thick and fast!

Friday. This forenoon I ironed; in the afternoon trimmed my
bonnet. After tea I went up to Mr. Morous's to see about taking
that school, but found it engaged. I got home about eight. I then
wrote a letter to my friend B. F. C.

Saturday. This is a cold, windy mornmg. C. D. has gone to
Hartland. I washed the dishes, churned, and attended to numerous

150 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

other household duties, then went to see Persis. I expected to find
her in her school, but did not. She was up to Sexton's. Robert
went up after her. It commenced raining just before dark,

Sunday 24th. "VVlien I awoke the first thing I did was to pull
the curtain aside to see if it had done stormmg. The ground was
covered with snow, and it was storming for certain, and continued
to storm all day Simday till four o'clock.

Monday, April 25th. The sun was shming brightly when we
got up. Persis and myself got breakfast. Mrs. Ives was sick. We
washed the dishes, then Robert took us down to Drought's to see
if I could get their school. The clerk was gone — ^his father said
he would come up to Ives's and see me when he got back, but he
did not. I visited P.'s school. After school was out we went to
Mr. Ives's and took tea. Then Robert harnessed his horses and
brought me home.

Tuesday. We washed.

Wednesday. Charles and I went to a funeral at our schoolhouse.
Mr. Smith's brother was buried. It is supposed he starved himself
to death. He said, "Christ fasted forty days, and he would do the
same." He has been sick all the spring; he said he wanted to die,
when someone was persuading him to eat. Poor fellow is now at
rest in the peaceful grave. When we got home I found a letter
from my Aunt Helen. Also one from Angeline. I was very happy
to hear from Aunt.

Thursday. What a day this has been — ^rain, rain, rain, every
five minutes aU day! I have been cleaning the chambers, filling
straw ticks, cording bedsteads, etc. Pa has not been as well today.

Friday, 29th. Charles and I went to Milwaukee today — found
it very cold going in, but warmer coming home. I bought me a
dress, silk apron, etc., etc.

Saturday. I arose early, and mopped the chambers, the dining-
room floor, and got my work out of the way, then went after Miss
Bowe, our teacher. I stopped at Mr. Vandeworkers, and Maria
went the rest of the way with me. We arrived at the Prairie about
one, staid tUl Miss B. got ready, then took our homeward road —
arrived at JVIr. Whitcome's at three, when Miss B. was obliged to
stop and get inspected. We took tea there, and did not get started
home till simdown. It was dark when we got to our journey's end.

Sunday, May first. This has been a very cold, windy day. Persis
and Robert came about noon. We aJl went down to Dr. Ellsworth's
for a ride in the afternoon.

Monday. We did a large washing, I made my silk apron, etc.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 151

Tuesday, May 3rd. This morning after washing dishes I did
some whitewashing, and Susan cleaned the woodshed. After dinner
I went to sewing on my dress. Aunt Nancy called to see us, and
staid about an hour. Father is now quite sick, worse than he has
been before. Charles is also quite unwell — has a sore throat and a
severe headache, I trust it is caused by a cold and he will feel better
in the morning.

Wednesday. It has rained all day without cessation, and is now
raining hard. I received a letter from Nancy Finch toda\', which
informs me that she is now in Iowa.

Thursday, and Friday. Rain, rain, rain — that is all I can say
about these two days.

IMay 18th. It has been almost three weeks since I have ^Titten
in my journal. A week ago last Sunday Charles and I went to see
Persis. We foimd her quite unwell, so the next day, after washing,
Pa said I had better go and take her place a week.

Monday evening I went do^-n, and she came home. Tuesday I
went into her school — there were but six pupils there. Wednesday,
Thomas T., Robert, Henry Drought, and John Hay called and spent
a part of the afternoon with me. Friday, Mary Sexton came to
see me, and staid the night. Saturday, Mr. Hill was at school, also
Miss Sexton and Hay. We took tea at ]Mr. Roe's, after which we
went to the lake. Came back to Sexton's, and Robert wished me
to stay there, so he could go a-fishing. He went, and was caught
out on the lake in a thunder-shower — got wet as possible, and came
home. Simday morning I went back to Ives's — found Mrs. I. quite
imwell. Sunday eve R. and myself took a walk up to the grave-
yard. Monday morning I got up and got breakfast. Mrs. I. not
being able, I did the work, then went to school. There were eight-
een little hrats around the door when I got there. Monday eve P.
came back to her school. She brought me a couple of letters —
one from Sallie, and one from R. A. Campbell. Tuesday we
washed.

Wednesday. Susan is very unwell today. I have been to work
hard all day. She has taken some pills tonight. I hope she may
feel better tomorrow.

Friday. Mrs. Hale and her daughter called and spent the after-
noon with us. Robert brought Persis home just before dark.

Saturday, 21st. Persis and myself, also Miss Bowe, went to
Milwaukee; took our one-horse wagon and drove for ourselves. We
got there safe about noon. We went out and did our trading, then
came back to the Tremont house after our horse. They would not

152 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

let us have him till we had given them a dollar — for four quarts of
oats, and a pie.

Monday. I went and took P. down to her school. We called at
Sexton's, and the first person we saw was Jared. I was very glad
to see him: I have not seen him before since last fall.

Wednesday. Mrs. Green spent the afternoon with us. I went
home with her and staid all night. I received a letter from Mr.
Johnson. John B. Nicholson is teaching our school. Frank C.
has been teaching at Hartland, but has now gone home. Chas. S.
Canright called here yesterday. He has been up north for the past
four years. Robert Ives has been here today — he brought a letter
from Mary Sexton.

Sunday, 29th May, 1853. Charles and I went down to Ives's,
and from there to the Drought schoolhouse to meeting. We came
back to I.'s and took dinner, then came up to Sexton's and stopped
to see J. and Ben. We came home just in time to avoid a heavy
thunder-shower.

Monday. C. and Susan went to the city, and did not get home
till late.

Tuesday, May 31st. I have just returned from the lake. I went
and had a boat-ride with Persis, and Mary S., J. and B., and R. I. B.
accompanied me home. He is going to start for Michigan again
Thursday.

10
A Death, and Two Marriages

Sunday, Feb. 12th, 1854. A very long time has elapsed since I
last wrote on these pages, and under very different circumstances
do I now write. My father has gone to his last resting-place. He
died the 17th of June last. My brother and sister were married
the 9th of November. I have lived with Persis the most of the
time this winter. I kept house for her the week before last. She
had gone to Fond du Lac on a visit. When she came back Mr.
Van Deren came with her. The second time I saw him he asked
me to sit up with him, and also wanted me to consent to go to Eden
with him; but I told him I would rather not. We have had good
sleighing for about a month and a half — something very uncommon
for Wisconsin.

Everything seems to say we shall soon lose all the snow which
now covers the ground. It is quite warm, and puddles of water are
to be seen standing in the road and elsewhere. I have been writing

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 153

to my friend Augusta H. Colburn today. I also wrote a few lines
to Obed Russell in John's letter. I must go down stairs and eat
supper, then wash the dishes, read some, and go to bed. I have
been rather lonely today.

Monday. Today is washing day. After noon, went upstairs and
read in "Prairie Bird" till dark. This is an excellent book describ-
ing the manners and customs of the Indians. We also listened to
some of it read by J. B. Nicholson in the evening.

Tuesday. This has been a very stormy day — wind in the north-
east, and snow flying like fury. WTien the mail came it brought me
a letter from my friend SaUie. She was in fine spirits. I answered
her that same evening.

Wednesday. Charles went to Milwaukee with a load of hay. I
started to go with him, but it was so cold I made Hattie and Laura
a visit instead. Got home about eight that night.

Thursday. Persis came about noon, and soon Mrs. Webster
came, staid till night, then took Ann home with her. Persis went
and made Aunt Hannah a visit. When she came back I went a
part of the way home with her, and had a pleasant walk back.

Friday. This has been an extremely cold day, but in spite of the
cold Susan, myself, and Persis went and made Mrs. Law a visit.
WhUe we were gone Henry Peck's folks came to see us. We got
home about dark. Got C. and J. their supper, then I began to read
in "Prairie Bird," in which I was interrupted by Robert, who had
come after me to go to a party at Mr. Veeder's. We had a fine
time, of course, dancing and playing. Got home about daylight,
and went to bed and slept till ten o'clock, got up and swept and
mopped, then combed my hair and changed my dress. Mr. and
Mrs. Ives are below, so I must go, too. After tea I went up to the
schoolhouse with C, who went to draw a load of wood. After com-
ing home, I finished reading "Prairie Bird."

Sundaj^ morning. This is a bright, beautiful morning. The
sun shines so brightly that destruction seems inevitable to the pure
and inoffensive snow. Before night the weather may change, and
a storm ensue, and good sleighing will of course be the consequence.
I wanted to go and see Persis this afternoon, but Charles wanted to
see Ann so badly that he fixed up and started on short notice. I
have been looking for Sallie some this morning, but of course she
won't come if I want to see her. I have been melting snow to wash
with tomorrow, and I must go and get more.

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A Social Season

Monday evening. I have left them downstairs, and come for
the purpose of spending a few minutes in writing. I am very tired,
as is usual after washing. This has been a lovely day — appeared
very much like spring; in fact, it is almost spring. We will not be
likely to get much more cold weather. Charles was getting wood
today, and by accident cut one of the horses in the liind foot. It
bled very much, but he succeeded at last in stopping it. Last even-
ing after Charels and Ann came, John and I went to see Persis.
We found her well. She brought us some nuts, which we cracked
and ate. While we were there Mr. Van Deren called. He had been
to see Mrs. Kirkendall, and got the — (here the outline of a mitten)
— ^too, I should judge by his looks. He looked very lemoncholy.
Poor fellow! I hope he may succeed in getting someone to accom-
pany him back to Eden. If he does not I am sure it will not be
any fault of his. Next Wednesday night the ball is to come off at
Martin's. I presume there are a great many anticipating good
times. They will not be disappointed for Martin always gets up
good dances. Another tiling — he has quite a large hall, which is
very nice.

Tuesday evening. This afternoon I ironed. About two
o'clock, Jary and Persis, Robert and Uncle Frank from Hartland
came. Monday my old man started for Eden. Oh dear! I feel
very lonely now.

Wednesday. This has the appearance of being a very pleasant
day — no cloud to be seen, and when the sun appears with his broad
rays it will be quite warm and springlike.

Thursday evening. The dance came off as anticipated. There
were a great many present. We had a good supper, good dance,
etc. When we got home it was seven o'clock. Ann and I went to
bed and slept till twelve, then got up and bathed and combed our
hair. George Green came and staid till after tea.

Friday. Ann and I went up to Mr. Green's, and while we were
there Mrs. Hawkins and Post came.

Saturday. Today Jolm has gone to Hartland. Mr. Peck's folks
came and spent the afternoon with us.

Monday. After washing we sat down to our sewing, in which
we were interrupted by the arrival of friend Sallie. She had come
after me, and go I must. While she was still teasing, Robert came
and gave us an invite to a party he was going to have the following

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 155

night, so of course I could not possibly go to Clark's. After Sallie
had gone John and mj^self went down to see Persis. We had a
very pleasant time.

Tuesday. Charles and Susan went to IVIilwaukee, and did not
get back till seven. We got supper for him, and then dressed for
the party. Charles fussed around so we did not get started tUl
almost nine. Pretty time of night to go to a party. The roads
were quite bad, and we ran smash up against a stump and broke
the wagon, so, take things all rornid, we didn't get to the party till
nearly ten. But after we did get there we had a good old time. Dan
Warner played for us. The young people from Jenniags's were all
there; they invited us to go and see them the following Friday night,
which we agreed to do.

Friday. About five o'clock we started for Jennings's. \M]at
roads we did have! Mud, mud, mud! We got through it slowly,
and at last reached the edge of Howard's prairie, when we met
Robert coming back. He said the water was so high across the
road he was afraid to go on. We had quite a confab over it, in
which the worthies that were present gave their different opinions.
Some were for going back home, and others for going ahead. Charles
was for the latter, so we started with the determination of going
through the water at any rate. When we arrived at the airjul place,
we found the water up to the hubs of our wagon, but got along with-
out any trouble, and in the course of fifteen mmutes were safely
seated in the home of Dr. Jennings. They seemed glad to see us;
had given up hopes of our coming that night. We sat and got warm,
and then commenced the doings of the evening, or rather night.
The first thing was dancing, and then were passed aromid refresh-
ments. I thuik the next operation was rolling the platter; then a
game of euchre; then followed another dance, and some more kiss-
ing plays came next in order, in which there was a great 'participa-
tion. I can safely say I kissed the boys all I wished to. I don't
remember what came next, but there is one thing I do remember, it
was daylight when we kissed and parted; and another thing — it
was nine when we got home. We all enjoyed ourselves very much,
which I am sure no one could fail to do when in the company of
such agreeable, polite, and friendly people as are the Jenningses.
I think very much of the young gents — Wallace and Isaac.

Saturday evening, March 4th. Surely it is now March. How
swiftly time flies! It hardly seems half the length of a year since
last March, when I was engaged with young ones in school district
no. 6. Yet it is even so — another year has passed into eternity. I

156 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

hardly know whether to call this a pleasant evening or not. The
wind blows rather cold, but still it looks rather pleasant to see the last
red rays of Old Sol as they are taking leave of us for another night.
Wm. Wise came to see us this forenoon, and is coming to spend the
night with us. He went dowTi to see Persis this afternoon. The
sun has entirely disappeared in the west, which renders it rather
dark in my room — and another thing, my eyes feel as though some
one had been putting sand in them. I have slept but little today,
after last night's spree. Tomorrow is Sunday, and what shall I do
to busy myself with? Oh, I suppose it will be, arise very late, make
the beds, help wash dishes, comb my hair, read some, and maybe
write a letter; then go down stairs, help get supper, wash the dishes,
talk a while, read a while, and go to bed^and sleep awhile.

Sunday evening, 4 o'clock. As I expected last night, I arose late
this morning, and after doing up the work read newspapers till after
dinner. William has just left for Oak Creek, where he is teaching.
This morning it was so very pleasant one would have supposed it
could not so soon become cloudy, but now it looks very much like
rain. Changeable weather we have in Wisconsin, When Charles
was in Milwaukee he heard of the death of Mrs. Vallier. I did
not think it was for the last time that I saw her last spring. It is
even so; she has gone, and left four children to mourn her loss.
That she may enjoy pure happiness in a future state is the wish
of her friend.

Sunday evening, 8 o'clock, March 5th. John B, Nicholson and
myself have been upstairs for the past hour talking over old times,
and have been wondering where we should be one year from this
day. We have agreed to write to each other wherever we may be
just a year from today, I presume he will forget it, however, as
he is a very forgetful gent, and seldom keeps any promises he
happens to make.

Monday, 6th. We washed as usual — had company also. Persis
and Harriet Sexton came up with Jary when he went to mill.

Tuesday evening. It has been growing cold all day, and now the
wind is blowing hard from the northeast.

Thursday eve. I have just come from Uncle Asa's. It is some
muddy, I reckon. We have been making soap today. How much
it looks like rain tonight! It has been cloudy all day. How happy
I should be to see our friends the Jenningses this evening! 1 have
not seen so pleasant a family in a long time. If it is so I can, I will
go and spend a few dajs with them this spring or summer.

Friday morning. Ann and mj-self went down to see Persis. We

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 157

had only just taken our things off when Wallace came. I was very
happy to see him. He staid till four o'clock, promising to come

again next . William Sexton came from the north while we

were there — brought me a philipena from Mr. Van Deren.

Saturday I went up to Mr. Morous's, and Sunday went to meet-
ing. It really seemed like old times to get up and comb my hair
and start for that schoolhouse where I have spent many an hour.
After coming home Sunday evening John and I took a walk and
talked of bygone days.

The Spring of 1854

Monday evening. This morning I put on a quUt, and have just
finished it. We boiled some sap today, and made some warm sugar,
which we all enjoyed very much. Mr. and Mrs. Law have been
here today to make us a visit. The rain may now be heard patter-
ing against my window pane. How softly it falls, and stands in
large glistening drops upon every bush and blade of grass, as if con-
scious of the need of its refreshing warmth to bring back to life each
inanimate shrub!

Wednesday evening. Today I received a letter from Cousin
Louisa, also one from Miss Colburn. I have just written five pages
to L. I guess she will be interested while perusing them. Last Sat-
urday James Bovial left his eartlily home to seek one above. The
disease was one that originated from that fell destroyer, intemper-
ance. How could one so young and intelligent be made the slave
of intoxicating drink! For the past two years he was frequently
seen putting the fatal cup to his lips, and draining the poison from
it. Now, alas! he has gone to answer for all misdeeds committed
here below. This ought to be a fearful warning for those that are
in the habit of indulging in the glass of whiskey, brandy, or any
other spirituous liquor. Those that attended his funeral said his
father and micle were both under the influence of strong drink.
What a sight, to see a father staggering over the grave of his child !
How seared and hardened must have become that heart which once
yearned toward that son with a father's love! Yet such is thy influ-
ence, thou demon rum!

Friday noon. Yesterday I went down to see Persis; found her
quite well. In the afternoon we went over to Welch's. I came
home about dark. I was very tired. Today C. went to Milwaukee.
Ann and I went down to see Mrs. Smith.

158 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Saturday we went to the city to see Uncle Tom played. It was
grand.

Sunday we went down to Jerry's — Wallace came to see me. Mon-
day eve I went to the Ives schoolhouse to meeting. E. Guile ac-
companied me home.

Tuesday, March 28, 1853 [4]. I have just returned from Uncle
Asa's, and read a letter from friend Sarah. This morning John
went home. His school closed Saturday, and Simday we went to
Dr. Jennings's and had a very pleasant time. Got home about noon
Monday. Mrs. Thomas Taylor was buried today. One by one
the creatures of earth are passing away.

For nearly three years, the journal is silent. On
October 28, 1854, its writer was married to Mr. Nathan
Cobb, whose name appears often in 1852 and 1853.
Death separated them after less than two years, and
before the birth of Euclid Nathan Cobb.

A Marriage, and a Death

December 25th, 1856. Another Christmas morning has dawned
upon us, and "merry" will it be for some, but not for me. I cannot
forget the dear one that made merry the past Cliristmas, and who
is now gone, never, never to return. Why was it so.^ How could
it be? One so young! What pleasure is there in this world.'*
One moment happiness may smile upon us, and the next, Oh, how
dark and shadowed will be our path; not one bright spot in the
future !

Thursday, January 1st, 1857. Another year is with those that
were. One year ago I had a pleasant home and a dear compan'.on;
but he has gone, and Oh, how dreary does seem the future! Would
that I were with him! I am weary, weary of living alone in this
cold, selfish world.*

I know that I shall die; and Oh, beloved,
Chide me not if o'er thy heart I send
The echoes of that voice which I have long
III silence heard.

*The verses that follow are found in another part of this journal. Nothing is said of
their authorship, or of the circumstances of their transcription.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 159

I would have been the sunshine o'er thy path,
But such was not my lot. The light must fade,
The tones thou lovest linger not. I die
Ere the young freshness of our love hath flown ;
I die, and thou wilt he on earth alone!

There is strange music in the air, and tones
Upon the twilight breeze, and voices heard
In midnight dreams, for those who early die;
I would that we had earlier met,
Dear friend, that all the sunshine of my first
Young dreams were poured on thee, for now my love
Hath caught that settled sadness wliich deep love
On earth must ever wear.

Thou wUt remember me? I know thou wilt;
Thou wilt sit here, perchance where we recline.
Beneath the shade of vines which I have reared,
And the sweet flower-scent will go floating by.
Blent with the mournful memories of the past.
Yet do not weep, but think of me as one
Whose heart was like the restless, moaning wave,
Which frets itself to peace — whose love was all
Too deep for bliss on earth, and who above
Will watch in anxious ministry thy step.

Lay me to rest in that lone, lovely spot
Which I have loved, and o'er my grave plant flowers;
Let not the funereal willow wave above;
I would remmd thee, by all happy things,
Of him thou loved and lovest; and sometime come
To that sweet spot and think of me.

The Year 1857

The life of the months following is filled with sober
and matronly duties and diversions. The writer of
the journal washes, irons, dresses her brother's children,
mops, bakes "pieplant pies, a cream pie, and rice
pudding," has "pudding and milk for dinner" after

160 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

a hard forenoon's work, and "biscuit toast" for supper,
or has "codfish and rice for dinner, and bread and
butter and apple sauce for supper," or dines out on the
way home from the city on "green peas and a first
rate apple pie." She works in the yard, cleans the
kitchen, sews carpet rags, puts carpets down, knits,
"combs her hair," "helps Charles clean up his wheat,"
or rakes hay upon occasion, with the aid of friendly
passers-by, who make the work over into mere socia-
bility. She tells of electioneering by Charles, and of
his "settling up town business" in his capacity of
chairman. On March 19 she gets her "likeness"
taken in the city. She loses her California pin, which
she values very much, not for itself, but " only on the
giver's account."

•In April she is at a neighbor's, and is "treated to
some lager beer, " evidently a novelty. On the fifteenth
of the same month, she hears "the report of cannon as
we were coming, and learned from Charles that it
was for the first train passing over the Milwaukee
and Mississippi Railway. " She goes to sewing society,
reads "Dred," and learns to play two or three tunes
on the melodeon. She reads the "Life of Josephine,"
and "Retribution," and " The Wanderer, " and "Hid-
den Path," and Godey's Lady Book, and the Ledger.

She doesn't like "The Wanderer." "It isn't very
interesting to me," she says, "as its characters have
all the trouble imaginable, and no sunshine."

She sees the comet. "It is said the approaching
comet has a great efi^ect upon the weather. Some as-
tronomers say it is going to come into collision with
the earth the 13th of June. Maybe it will." But it
didn't: "it passed on its way, and left the world and
us to pursue ours." She wasn't much frightened by
the astronomers; four days before the predicted ca-

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 161

lamity she and Ann "rigged up some hoops" after
they finished washing.

On September first "Charles has been to the city,
got home about ten. Sumner (his Kttle boy) went up
to the bee-hives to make playfellows of the bees, and
they took offence and stung him all over his head and
face; also some on his hands and feet. Ann went to
get them, when they pitched at her. She feels 'most
sick tonight." The next day "Ann is too unwell to do
anything this forenoon," so the keeper of the journal
does her work for her.

15
Hiram Showerman

This is the last day recorded in the journal. On
Wednesday, September 2nd, 1857, the sober, old-
fashioned writing ceases.

On August 19, 1857, thirteen days before the last
date which appears in it, the writer records that when
she got home it was nine, and that Mr. Tew was there.
Nine days afterward, on the 28th, "Mr. Tew came last
evening"; and on the 29th he came again.

Mr. Tew was an old friend of Hiram Showerman, who
was then station agent for the Milwaukee and Missis-
sippi Railway at Brookfield, sixteen miles north of
Muskego. It was through Mr. Tew, at some time during
the following twelvemonth, that Mr. Showerman and
Ellen Parker Cobb first met. They were married on
March 13, 1859, and resided in Brookfield, where the
former died on July 26, 1884. Ellen Parker Shower-
man died in Madison, Wisconsin, iVugust 26, 1910.
Both are at rest in Prairie Home cemetery at Wauk-
esha, Wisconsin.
11

162 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Our Fair Wisconsin

There's nothing like Wisconsin,

So fair on every side,
Her woods and white-oak openings,

Her prairies spreading wide,
Her island groves, her shining rills.
The blossoms on her sunny hills —
Ah, there's nothing like Wisconsin,
Our wild Wisconsin home !

There's nothing like Wisconsin

In winter or in spring.
When the bright green decks the poplar trees,

And all the glad birds sing,
Or when dim suns haste through the skies,
And snow upon the prairie lies —
Ah, there's nothing like Wisconsin,
Our wild Wisconsin home!

You'll not find brighter summers

In any southern land,
When the Indian com is rustling

In the prairie breezes bland:
When berries glisten in each glade.
Or ripen in the forest shade —
Ah, there's nothing like Wisconsin,
Our wild Wisconsin home!

There's nothing like Wisconsm

In the Indian summer days.
When the distant hills are faintly seen

Through blue and smoky haze.
When the hunters through the forest roam.
And wUd birds seek a southern home —
Ah, there's nothing like Wisconsin,
Our wUd Wisconsin home! *

♦This poem, of unknown authorship, was written in the same book that contained
the ioumal.

PART THREE

THE REPORT OF THE INDIAN STREAM
COMMISSIONERS

1836

[From an original print in possession of the New
Hampshire Historical Society.]

PLAN OF
THE SOURCES OF

Reierencea 'A" N£ Corner of the suae made by the
conmisswrurs m JlSS ^ ..

from. A to B part of Utu. run by sau-d commissioners. ^ 4'i'''<i(«V/'

BwC line run. due tyest.

^ 5:tS^

TTiS*

<si^'

iOt^l

Resolved by the Senate and House of Eepresenta-
iives in General Court convened, that the state of
New Hampshire should continue the possession of the
Indian Stream Territory, and maintain the jurisdiction
of this state over the same, until the question of
boundaries now in dispute between the United States
and Great Britain affecting the limits of said territory
shall be finally settled, and His Excellency the Governor
be requested to render all necessary aid to the executive
officers of the county of Coos in causing the laws of said
state to be duly executed within the limits of said
territory.

Resolved that the Executive be authorized to appoint
commissioners to repair to Indian Stream, and collect
and arrange such testimony as may be obtained to
rebut and explain the charges and testimony obtained
and preferred against the authorities and citizens of
this state by Lord Gosford, Governor of the province
of Lower Canada.

Resolved that the commissioners so appointed be
authorized and directed to arrange and publish, for the
use of the legislature, one thousand copies of such
portions of the documents and correspondence relating
to our Indian Stream difficulties as they may think
proper.

Approved June 18, 1836.

REPORT

To His Excellency the Governor of the State of New-
Hampshire.

The undersigned, commissioners appointed under
a resolution of the legislature of New Hampshire,
approved June 18, 1836, "to repair to Indian Stream
and collect and arrange such testimony as may be
obtained to rebut and explain the charges and testimony
obtained and preferred against the authorities and
citizens of this state by Lord Gosford, Governor of the
province of Lower Canada," have attended to that
duty, and now make the following report :

The charges made by Lord Gosford are the three
following, viz.:

1. "The first and most serious is the irruption within
the limits of this province (Lower Canada) of armed
citizens of the United States, under the command of,
or countenanced by an ofiicer holding a commission in
their militia, for the avowed purpose of attacking and
forcibly carrying out of the province several of H. M.'s
subjects."

2. "The continued attempts of the state of New
Hampshire, notwithstanding the repeated remon-
strances of H. M.'s gov't, to exercise jurisdiction and
to enforce its laws within a territory, which, until it
shall be formally adjudged to be part of the U. S^. under
the treaty of 1783, must be considered as still un-
detached from the original possession of Great Britain,
and its inhabitants consequently within the protection
of her government."

3. "The military occupation, by the state of New
Hampshire, of the territory in question."

167

168 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

The commissioners, in order to present to Your
Excellency and to the honorable legislature of the
state a plain and intelligible account of the con-
troversy relating to the Indian Stream Territory, have
given to the subject a more extended examination than
was necessary simply to rebut and explain the charges
of Lord Gosford. The following statement of facts, it
is believed, will clearly and unequivocally justify the
state of New Hampshire in maintaining jurisdiction
over this territory, and show that all the acts of violence
there committed are to be entirely attributed to the
attempt of certain individuals in Lower Canada to
extend the authority of that province over the territory
in question, since the pretended award of the King of
the Netherlands, the state of New Hampshire having
exercised quiet, peaceable, and exclusive jurisdiction
over the same from the peace of 1783 to a period sub-
sequent to said pretended award. In the year 1789 a
committee was appointed by the legislature of this
state for the purpose of ascertaining the boundary
lines between the state of Maine, then Massachusetts,
the province of Lower Canada, and this state. This
committee attended to the duties assigned them, and
established and marked by suitable monuments, many
of which are now remaining, a boundary line of the
state, including all the territory now in dispute, and
making the head of Hall's river our northwestern
boundary monument. That the committee were right
in their construction of that part of the treaty of 1783
relative to this subject is manifest from the following
reasons :

1. This is the only head of Connecticut river that
intersects with the highlands dividing the waters which
fall into the Atlantic from those which fall into the St.
Lawrence.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 169

2. This is manifestly and notoriously, by far, the
most northwestermost head of Connecticut river, that
claimed by the British government being manifestly
the most northeastern head of Connecticut river.

3. The Magalloway river, a branch of the Andros-
coggin, takes its rise many miles north and west, not
only of that branch of the Connecticut claimed by the
British as the northwestermost head, but also north
and west of Indian Stream, so that, pursuing the high-
lands indicated by the treaty, one would never arrive
at the head waters claimed by the British government
as those indicated by the treaty, but would have to
leave the highlands and cross the Magalloway river to
attain the object.

The above fact of the true source of the Magalloway
river, it is believed, is not noticed in any geography, nor
laid down upon any map of the country. This may
be easily accounted for on account of its remote situa-
tion and unsettled state. It is, nevertheless, an impor-
tant fact, and one which goes far not only to show that
the British claim to jurisdiction over this disputed
territory is unfounded, but that by the words of the
treaty New Hampshire is entitled to a much larger
territory there than we have ever yet claimed. Many
of the first settlements of this territory were by persons
who fled there from the neighboring states to avoid the
payment of their debts, or the criminal process to which
their crimes had rendered them amenable. As the
population increased, the character of the inhabitants
improved ; and although at times some of them claimed
to belong to Vermont, and at other times to Maine, and
at other times to be within the jurisdiction of the
United States, but not of any particular state, and at
other times to be independent either of the U. S. govern-
ment or the government of Great Britain, yet the

170 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

officers of the state of New Hampshire, from time to
time, as occasion required, executed divers processes
issuing from the courts of this state upon the inhabi-
tants there, and although sometimes they met with
such resistance as was to be expected from the char-
acter of the inhabitants, yet no complaint was ever
made on account thereof by the officers of the province
of Canada, or of any foreign government whatever.
Indeed, the oldest inhabitants in the territory or the
towns adjacent have no recollection of ever having
heard of any act of any other government ever exer-
cised within the territory, save by the state of New
Hampshire. The inhabitants have uniformly resorted
to New Hampshire for the purpose of being united in
marriage, whenever there was such a ceremony to be
performed among them, and in divers other ways,
such as taking advantage of our bounty laws for the
destruction of certain wild animals, manifested under
whose protection they lived, and to what government
they supposed they owed allegiance. Affairs were in
this quiet posture at this place at the time of the pre-
tended award of the King of the Netherlands; and at a
period subsequent to that, one of those restless indi-
viduals, the bane of every well-ordered society, who
are never easy unless busied about the affairs of their
neighbors, claiming to be a magistrate of Lower Canada,
and to be acting by the direction of the Governor of
that province, began to claim the territory as belonging
to the province of Lower Canada. This claim was now
asserted in various ways, such as sending pretended
warrants in the name of the King of Great Britain into
the territory. He also sent a letter directed to various
individuals there, requesting them to assemble at the
school house in one place on Saturday, and another on
Sunday, and when they were thus assembled he met

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 171

them and exhorted them to open resistance to the laws
of the state, and assured them of the protection of the
government of Lower Canada in so doing.

It is the opinion of the better disposed part of the
community there, that all the difficulties which have
occurred at that settlement within the three or four
years last past are to be attributed to the mischievous
interference of the individual alluded to, and from all
the investigation which we were able to make we were
unanimously of the same opinion.

If it be the fact that Hall's Stream be the north-
westermost head of Connecticut river, and if the state
of New Hampshire has exercised jurisdiction over this
disputed territory from the peace of 1783 to the present
time, and these two points are incontestibly proved by
testimony taken by the commissioners, and accompany-
ing this report, then the 2d and 3d cause of complaint,
as set forth by Lord Gosford, entirely fail, for the
military occupation spoken of by him, and the at-
tempted jurisdiction of the state of New Hampshire,
are justified by every principle of the law of nations, as
well as by that protection which every government
owes to its citizens.

We now proceed to state all the facts relating to the
first charge of His Lordship, and we have thus inverted
their order because it seemed to us the most natural
course; for if we had no title to the soil, then our ju-
risdiction was usurped and wrongful, our military
occupation unjustifiable, and our whole defence un-
tenable. In October, 1835, William M. Smith, a deputy
sheriff of Coos county, had a writ put into his hands
for service against one John H. Tyler, an inhabitant of
the disputed territory. Smith, not knowing Tyler,
and also apprehending some resistance, procured one
Richard I. Blanchard and John Milton Harvey to

172 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

assist him, and then proceeded to Tyler's house for the
purpose of making service of the writ. Not having
found said Tyler at his house, they went in pursuit of
him, agreeably to the directions which they had re-
ceived, and soon met said Tyler. Smith then re-
quested said Tyler to show him property, that it
might be attached on the writ, which he refusing to do,
he was arrested by said Smith, who was proceeding
with said Tyler in custody, when he was forcibly
rescued from said Smith's possession by several of the
inhabitants.

Upon this, the individual before referred to as the
occasion of all the difficulties at this place issued a
warrant in the name of the King of Great Britain
against said Smith, Blanchard, and Harvey, for attempt-
ing to execute process there, not issued by authority
of the King of Great Britain, and sent it into the settle-
ment for the purpose of having it served upon the
individuals against whom it had issued. This was
done with a full knowledge of the fact that this state
had, by a resolution of the legislature, determined to
maintain its jurisdiction over the territory until the
boundary line should be definitely and satisfactorily
settled.

By virtue of this pretended warrant, on the 22d day
of October, A. D. 1835, said Blanchard was taken
from his own dwelling house by an armed body of men,
with the express and avowed purpose of carrying him
into Canada for trial, on the absurd charge of having
assisted in serving a writ duly issued by the competent
authority of the county of Coos.

The news of this outrage was immediately spread
through the adjacent towns, and excited very great
indignation against its perpetrators. The inhabitants
very generally, upon being notified of the fact, expressed

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 173

a determination not to suffer their fellow citizen thus
to be taken from his home and carried out of the state
without an attempt, at least, on their part to rescue him.
In pursuance of this determination several citizens of
the neighborhood went over the line dividing this
state from the province of Lower Canada, for the pur-
pose of intercepting those who had said Blanchard in
custody, and effecting his release. This was effected
without any violence, and, so far from being done
under the direction of any military officer, it was an
entirely spontaneous assemblage of citizens aroused by
what they deemed a gross outrage upon the rights of
one of their fellow citizens, subject to the direction of
no military or civil officer of the state. How far this
proceeding is to be palliated or justified, the wisdom
of the legislature may best determine. The facts are
here stated. After said Blanchard had been thus
rescued, the individuals who had turned out for that
purpose assembled at the store of Parmelee & Joy, in
Canaan, Vermont. Among the number was William
M. Smith, the deputy sheriff before spoken of, who had
previously arrested one John H. Tyler, and who had
been rescued from him in the manner before stated.
He then offered a reward of five dollars to any one who
would deliver said Tyler to him. A notion seemed very
generally to prevail amongst those who were then
present that said Tyler, having once been legally made
a prisoner, by the arrest of said Smith, might be re-
taken again wherever he could be found. This John
H. Tyler was one of those who had said Blanchard in
custody at the time he was rescued in the manner before
stated. After Smith, the deputy sheriff, had offered
this reward for the recapture of said Tyler, several of
the individuals who had left their homes for the avowed
and express purpose of rescuing Blanchard unadvisedly

174 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

and improperly went over the line for the purpose of
retaking Tyler, they having at that time the impression
that they were justified in so doing. No sooner were
these individuals over the line than they were set upon
in a furious, boisterous, and outrageous manner by the
individual before referred to as the cause of all the
diflSculty at the Indian Stream settlement, and the
very individual who had issued the warrant by which
Blanchard had been dragged from his home as before
stated.

This individual came upon them while they were
peaceably and quietly demeaning themselves, having
offered or threatened violence to no one, and ordered
them off the highway, and attempted to make prisoners
of them, and called upon those who were with him to
assist. The New Hampshire citizens, not relishing the
idea of thus being made prisoners, resisted, and, being
assaulted with great violence by the inhabitants of
Canada, their horses' bridles seized, and stones thrown
violently at them, defended themselves with such arms
as they had with them, having taken them at the time
they turned out for the rescue of Blanchard. We do not
undertake to state with accuracy all the particulars of
the skirmish which ensued upon this assault, but we
are confident in the assertion that the first violence
offered or threatened was that done to the citizens of
New Hampshire by citizens of Canada. The result
was that the individual who commenced the brawl was
violently seized and brought over the line into Vermont,
and there detained some hours, and finally set at large.

As to the assertion that the late Gov. Badger was
connected with a band of speculators claiming the
territory of Indian Stream as their private property,
we are aware of no rule of courtesy or etiquette which
requires us to call it by any milder name than falsehood.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 175

The commissioners,, in conclusion, are happy in
being able to inform Your Excellency and the legisla-
ture that the inhabitants of this section of our state
are now in as quiet and peaceable condition, as free
from internal commotion or foreign interference, as any
portion of the state whatever. The citizens there,
who were friendly to the preservation of good order and
the wholesome administration of the laws, and who had
begun to apprehend that they were neglected, have
been assured that the protecting energies of the state
are extended to all within her borders, while the lawless
and the vicious have been made to feel that their remote
situation affords no sanctuary for crime.

We have no hesitation in saying that the people are
now contented and happy under the government of the
state, and that in future there will be no need of any
farther aid from the militia to assist the civil officers
in the due execution of their respective duties.

The commissioners are of opinion that the measures
adopted by the late Governor of this state, Hon.
William Badger, in relation to this subject, were wise
and judicious, and that to his prompt and efficient inter-
ference to maintain the integrity of the state and the
dignity of the laws, is to be attributed the present
quiet condition of the inhabitants there.

Joseph Low, ^

Ralph Metcalf, \ Commissioners.

John P. Hale, J
Nov. 23, 1836.

APPENDIX

Hon. Isaac Hill to Hon. John Forsyth

Senate Chamber, Washington,

Jan. 4, 1836.
Hon. John Forsyth.

Sir: — I have this morning received from the Adjutant
General of the state of New Hampshire the accompany-
ing letter, enclosing other letters showing the present
condition of the settlement of Indian Stream, situated
in the northerly section of that state, on the confines
of Lower Canada. These communications, after pe-
rusal, I wish may be returned.

It is manifest from these letters, as well as from other
facts transpiring, that the difficulty would at once be
settled, if the malcontents had not a tolerable presump-
tion that they will be protected in their acts of medi-
tated violence by the British authorities in Lower
Canada. If assurances may be obtained that the
aggressors, who are principally fugitives from the
states, shall not be countenanced by the British authori-
ties, the necessity for continuing an armed force by the
state will have been superseded. If such assurances can-
not be obtained, will it not be the duty of the national
Government at once to protect the state of New-
Hampshire and its citizens in the rightful jurisdiction
and possession which never, until recently, has been
denied them.^ An early answer is requested.

I am, respectfully, sir,

your ob't servant,

Isaac Hill.

176

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 177

Hon. Isaac Hill to Hon. John Forsyth

Senate Chamber, Washington,

Jan. 6, 1836.
Hon. John Forsyth.

Sir: — I have this morning received additional letters
from Indian Stream, in Coos county, New Hampshire,
which I enclose, and, after perusal, wish to be returned
with others heretofore sent.

You will perceive by these last letters that the course
pursued by the Canadian government is calculated to
encourage the malcontents in that region. It appears
to me that the National Executive has it in its power
to put a stop to that interference of the foreign govern-
ment, which is certainly new in regard to this territory.
The Canadian government has just as much right to
direct its magistrates to take depositions at Lancaster,
the shire town, as at Indian Stream in the same county;
and if it would be the duty of the Executive to interpose
its power to prevent an invasion in one case, it will be
in the other.

I am, respectfully, sir,

your obedient servant,

Isaac Hill.

Hon. John Forsyth to Hon. Isaac Hill

Department of State,
Washington, 11th Jan. 1836.
Hon. Isaac Hill.

Sir: — Your letters of the 4th and 6th instant, trans-
mitting certain papers relative to the present condition
of the settlement at Indian Stream, have been received.
In returning these enclosures, in compliance with your
request, and tendering my acknowledgments for the

178 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

opportunity afforded me of perusing them, I have to
add, in answer to the suggestions contained in your
communications, that no necessity is beheved to exist,
at present, for the interference of the general govern-
ment, in the manner proposed, for the protection of
New Hampshire and its citizens in the jurisdiction and
possession of the Indian Stream Territory.

I am. Sir, respectfully

Your obedient servant,
John Forsyth.

Hon. John Forsyth to Gov. Badger

Department of State,

Washington, Feb. 1836.
His Excellency William Badger,

Governor of the State of New Hampshire.

Sir: — I have the honor to transmit to Your Excellency
herewith the copy of a note addressed to this depart-
ment on the 18th instant by Mr. Bankhead, His
Britannic Majesty's Charge d 'Affaires at Washington,
enclosing the copy of a let.ter which he has received from
the Earl of Gosford, His Majesty's Governor General
of Canada, with a variety of accompanying documents
relative to a complaint preferred by His Excellency
against several citizens of the United States residing
in New Hampshire, for an alleged outrage committed
on the persons of certain subjects of His Britannic
Majesty, and for a violation of British territory.

I am directed by the President, in communicating
to Your Excellency copies of the papers referred to,
to express his confident expectation that you will be
enabled to furnish to this department such facts and
explanations regarding this matter as may prove en-
tirely satisfactory to His Britannic Majesty's govern-

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 179

ment, and remove any misapprehensions that may
exist in relation to it on the part of the Canadian
authorities.

As it is intended that no reply should be made to the
substance of Mr. Bankhead's complaint before the de-
partment is in possession of Your Excellency's answer,
I beg leave to invite your early attention to the subject.

I have the honor to be, respectfully,
Your Excellency's obedient servant,

John Forsyth.

Lord Gosford to Mr. Bankhead

Castle of St. Lewis,
Quebec, 6th Feb. 1836.

Sir: — It has become my duty to communicate to you
the details of an outrage of a very grave character, which
has recently been committed within the undoubted
Hmits of this province by an armed body, consisting
principally of citizens of New Hampshire, on two of
His Majesty's subjects — one a justice of the peace, and
the other a peace officer, while in the execution of their
official duties. And I have to request that you will
take such steps as you may judge advisable to obtain
immediate redress from the justice of the central
government of the United States for this infraction
of the law of nations, accompanied by acts endanger-
ing the lives and violating the liberties of His M.'s
Canadian subjects.

Before entering into the details of the case, it is
proper to inform you that they were collected under a
commission which I appointed for the purpose, con-
sisting of three gentlemen who were expressly made
justices of the peace in order that all the evidence.

180 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

might be taken (as it was) under the sanction of an
oath, was to render the information obtained as formal
and accurate as possible.

From the copies of the documents, which I have the
honour to transmit, and especially from the report of
the commissioners No. 1, and the affidavit No. 5, of Mr.
Rea, you will perceive that the origin of the present
affair may be traced to the assumption of jurisdiction
by the state of New Hampshire over the township of
Drayton, or, as it is otherwise called, the Indian Stream
Settlement, which has more than once formed the
subject of remonstrance with the government of the
United States, through His Majesty's minister at
Washington. You will further perceive that on the
15th October last Mr. Rea, who is a justice of the peace
for the district of St. Francis, residing in the township
of Hereford in this province, issued his warrant, upon
the sworn information of one John H. Tyler, an inhabi-
tant of the township of Drayton, for the apprehension
of William Smith, John Milton Harvey (American
citizens) and Richard I. Blanchard, of Drayton, for
having arrested the said Tyler under the authority of
the sheriff of Coos, New Hampshire.

Under this warrant Blanchard, only, was arrested on
the 22d October at his residence in Drayton; and
while the constables were conveying him to Mr. Rea's
he was forcibly rescued in the highway by a body of
armed men, citizens of New Hampshire. The con-
stables, and others who had assisted in the arrest,
immediately proceeded to inform the magistrate of
the rescue, and on their return home, when about fifty
rods from his house, were again stopped on the public
highway by one Miles Hurlburt of Stewartstown,
New Hampshire, and Ephraim Aldrich of Drayton,
two of the armed body, and both on horseback. On

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 181

observing this, Mr. Rea, to avoid even the appearance
of force, laid aside the stick which his lameness in gen-
eral obliges him to use, and proceeded to remonstrate
against this unwarrantable and illegal act, when Hurl-
burt presented a large pistol or carabine, and threatened
to fire upon him if he attempted to advance; Mr. Rea,
after frequently exhorting them, without success, to
retire, and receiving in return only threats and abusive
language, directed Bernard Young, a peace officer of
the township of Hereford, to arrest Aldrich who was
apparently unarmed. On Young's attempting to
execute the order, Aldrich drew a horseman's sabre
from under his cloak, and struck him a violent blow on
the neck. At the same instant Hurlburt, who was
about five yards distant, fired his carabine or pistol at
Mr. Rea. The ball, missing this gentleman, took effect
on Young, and wounded him in a very dangerous
manner.

Immediately afterwards Aldrich inflicted a deep
wound on Mr. Rea's head, and, about this time, others
of the armed party coming up, Mr. Rea attempted to
make his escape, but was overtaken, nearly murdered,
and eventually carried prisoner into Canaan in Ver-
mont, where, after being detained some hours, he was
enabled, through the interference of Herman Nichols,
a magistrate of that state, to return to his own house.

The scene of these violent proceedings is not in the
disputed territory, but clearly within the limits of this
province. The party engaged therein consisted of
about 50 or 60 persons, although not more than 18 or
20 appear to have taken an active part in the attack
upon Mr. Rea, and in his subsequent abduction; of
this number 3, only, were inhabitants of Drayton, the
remainder citizens of the U. S., of whom one was
a captain in the 24th Regiment of New Hampshire

182 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

militia named James Mooney, then in command of a
detachment of 50 men quartered in the township of
Drayton.

On a perusal of the accompanying documents you
cannot fail to observe that H. M's gov't has more than
one distinct cause of complaint to bring under the notice
of the American gov't arising out of these transactions.
The first and most serious is the irruption within the
limits of this province of armed citizens of the U. S.,
under the command of, or countenanced by an officer
holding a commission in their militia, for the avowed
purpose of attacking and forcibly carrying out of the
province several of H. M's subjects. Secondly, the
continued attempts of the state of New Hampshire,
notwithstanding the repeated remonstrances of H. M's.
gov't, to exercise jurisdiction and to enforce its laws
within a territory which, until it shall be formally
adjudged to be part of the U. S. under the treaty of
1783, must be considered as still undetached from the
original possession of Great Britain, and its inhabi-
tants consequently within the protection of her gov't.
And, thirdly, the military occupation, by the state of
New Hampshire, of the territory in question, a pro-
ceeding which can be productive only of embarrass-
ment to the two governments, without varying in any
respect the rights of either.

Having thus put you in possession of the principal fea-
tures of this transaction, I feel it unnecessary to offer
any suggestions as to the specific redress that ought to
be demanded on the present occasion. And I the more
readily abstain from this, under the persuasion that it
requires nothing but a knowledge of the facts to induce
the gov't of the U. S. to adopt measures which will at
once prove satisfactory to H. M's gov't, and prevent
the repetition of occurrences tending to disturb the

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 183

harmony and good understanding which now exists,
with so much advantage to both nations.

I have, &c., &c.
(Signed) Gosford.

Charles Bankhead, Esq., &c., &c.,

Report of Commissioners Appointed by Lord Gosford

To His Excllency the Earl of Gosford, Captain Gen-
eral and Governor in Chief in and over the prov-
inces of Upper and Lower Canada, &c., &c., &c.

We, the undersigned, commissioners appointed by
Your Excellency to enquire into and investigate certain
offences alleged to have been committed by Ephraim
H. Mahurin, Thomas B. Blodgett, and others, citizens
of the United States of America, against Alexander Rea,
Esq., and other subjects of His Majesty in the province
of Lower Canada, to examine witnesses under oath
touching the said complaints, and to report what fel-
onies, misdemeanors, breaches of the peace, and other
offences, if any, should appear to have been committed
by the said persons within the said province of Lower
Canada, having visited the townships of Hereford,
Drayton, and Compton, and examined divers witnesses,
have the honor to report: that it appears from the
depositions taken before us, and herewith transmitted
to Your Excellency, that for a length of time attempts
have been occasionally made, without success, by the
authorities of New Hampshire to exercise jurisdiction
over the Indian Stream Settlement in the township of
Drayton; and that during the last 12 months a disposi-
tion to reduce that settlement by force, under the con-
trol of New Hampshire, has been more fully evinced by
numerous acts of violence and oppression committed
on the inhabitants by persons professing to act under

184 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

authority from the state of New Hampshire. It
further appears that serious offences have been recently
committed against the laws of this province, within its
undoubted boundary, by armed parties from the state
of New Hampshire, in the first place by the forcible
rescue of one Richard I. Blanchard, while he was being
conducted to Hereford under arrest in virtue of a war-
rant from Alexander Rea, Esq., a justice of the peace
for the district of St. Francis, at a spot within the
limits of the said township of Hereford, as will be seen
on reference to the accompanying diagram and map, on
which the same has been accurately marked by Capt.
Hayne after actual survey; and, secondly, by a violent
attack on the peaceable and unprotected inhabitants
of Hereford by an armed body acting under the direc-
tions of an officer in the New Hampshire militia, of the
name of James Mooney, in which Alex. Rea, Esq., and
Bernard Young, inhabitants of Hereford, were severely
wounded, and the former forcibly conveyed over the
boundary into the state of Vermont, where, after hav-
ing been subjected to much abuse and ill treatment,
he was released by a magistrate of that state. It
appears to us that no satisfactory reason can be adduced
in justification of these outrages, and that the only
excuse offered in palliation is that Alex. Rea exercised
undue authority in granting a warrant for the arrest of
said Blanchard and one Luther Parker of Indian Stream,
although at the time he was acting in the course of his
duty as a magistrate in consequence of an assurance
given to the inhabitants of Indian Stream that they
should be protected by the gov't of this province. It
also appears to us that no fair argument can be ad-
vanced in favor of the pretensions of the state of New-
Hampshire to the Indian Stream Territory, the words
of the treaty of 1783 being clear, and the boundary

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 185

defined by the Connecticut river in that part, but it is
attempted to substitute a tributary known by the name
of Hall's Stream for the Connecticut river, although
each of these has been known by the name which it now
bears for upwards of 50 years. It moreover appears
that Governor Badger of New Hampshire is connected
with a company of land speculators, who claim the
territory of Indian Stream as their private property
under a pretended title from one King Philip, an Indian,
which might possibly induce a belief that he is actuated
by other motives than state policy in his attempts to
annex it to the state of New Hampshire. It appears,
also, that the inhabitants of Indian Stream Settlement,
situated on a territory in dispute between both coun-
tries, and over which jurisdiction had been occasionally
exercised by each, framed and adopted a constitution
for themselves for their better government, which was
to become null and void on the j&nal settlement of the
boundary question. Amongst others one Luther
Parker took the oath to support this constitution, and
was elected a member of the executive council, but,
having through misconduct forfeited the confidence of
the inhabitants, they ceased to elect him or to promote
him to any ofiice under the constitution, in consequence
of which he became dissatisfied, transferred his alle-
giance to the gov't of New Hampshire and has ever
since, by misrepresentations to that gov't and by all
other means in his power, continued to harass and dis-
turb the peace of the inhabitants of Indian Stream;
and, leagued with five others, he forwarded a petition
for protection to the gov't of New Hampshire, falsely
purporting to be a petition of the inhabitants of Indian
Stream, but in reality signed by certain inhabitants of
Colebrook, Stewartstown, and Clarksville in the state
of New Hampshire. This Luther Parker was subse-

186 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

quently arrested under a warrant issued by Mr. Rea
for an assault on one Jonathan C. L. Knight, and con-
veyed to Sherbrooke gaol, whence he was discharged on
giving bail.

We have further to report to Your Excellency that
several of th6 inhabitants of Indian Stream, obnoxious
to the authorities of New Hampshire on account of
their attachment to the British gov't, have been driven
from their homes, that their houses have been rifled,
their females abused, and their property sacrificed, and
that the territory is now in the possession of a body of
New Hampshire militia, consisting of 50 men under
the immediate orders of the same James Mooney who
was conspicuous in the affray at Hereford; that in our
progress thro' the Indian Stream Settlement in the
prosecution of our enquiry we were stopped on the
highway, near the house of one Fletcher (also marked
on the accompanying figurative plan), by a military
guard composing a part of the force above mentioned,
who at the point of the bayonet commanded us to
stand, and would not permit us to pass, altho' made
aware of the authority under which we were acting. And
we further report that several of the inhabitants of
Indian Stream have been lately carried prisoners to Lan-
caster gaol in the state of New Hampshire for rebellion
against the laws of that state, some of whom have been
liberated on bail, but two of the number, viz., Emor
Applebee and Benj. Applebee, still remain incarcerated.
Amongst those who were most active in the commission
of the outrages above mentioned, we would direct Your
Excellency's attention in an especial manner to Ephraim
C. Aldrich and Luther Parker, inhabitants of Indian
Stream, the former being the person who cut Mr. Rea
over the head with a sabre, and who afterwards at-
tempted to take his life, and the latter, who acted as a

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 187

spy and general disturber of the peace, as also to Miles
Hurlburt of Stewartstown, New Hampshire, who shot
Bernard Young, James Mooney, the captain of the guard
stationed at Indian Stream, Ephraim H. Mahurin,
Thomas B. Blodgett, and James M. Hilliard, who were
the leaders of the party which rescued Blanchard, and to
Joseph P. Wiswell. And we do further report that from
the disposition manifested by the authorities of New
Hampshire to oppress the inhabitants of Indian Stream,
and the threats which are daily made of again
offering violence to IVIr. Ilea and others, His Majesty's
subjects in that quarter, there appears to exist an
absolute necessity for speedy measures being taken
by the British gov't for their relief and protection.
We would humbly recommend to the favorable consid-
eration of Your Exc'y Bernard Young, who was severely
wounded while acting as a peace officer in the execu-
tion of his duty under Mr. Rea, he being still incapaci-
tated for labor, and much injured in his general health,
and having no means of paying the fees of his medical
attendant, or of earning a livelihood, except by the work
of his hands; and in conclusion we beg leave to observe
that we are indebted to Capt. Hayne for his assistance
in ascertaining and marking on the diagram and plan
the situation of the different places referred to in the
deposition of the witnesses, and in this our report, which
is humbly submitted.

Lennoxville, 1st January, 1836.

Signed Edward Short,
I. McKenzie,
Benj. Pomroy.

188 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Hon. William Badger to John P. Hale, Esq.

GiLMANTON, Nov. 3, 1836.
John P. Hale, Esq.

Dear Sir: — I have this moment rec'd your letter
stating that the committee appointed by the Governor
of Canada to make certain investigations at Indian
Stream reported that I was connected with a certain
company of land speculators, who claim the territory
of Indian Stream as their private property under a pre-
tended title from one King Philip, an Indian.

So far the report is entirely false, without the least
shadow of truth. I have not, and never had the least
pretence or claim to any of the lands in that section of
the state under King Philip or any other one, and the
accusation is as groundless as I think the claim of the
British government to that territory.

I am, dear sir, very respectfully,
Your ob't servant,

William Badger.

E. H. Mahurin to Gen. Joseph Low

Columbia, Aug. 28, 1836.

Respected Sir: — Having now got some over the fatigue
of our tour, I proceed to communicate to you some in-
formation which I deem of some importance to the
state, and which must be conclusive in settling the
boundary line on Indian Stream Territory.

I had been told by some old hunters that the waters
of the Androscoggin run several miles around to the
north of the corner as marked by Col. Eames in 1789;
and I communicated that fact to Gov. John Bell in
1828, requesting him to urge that fact strongly on the
commissioners at that time engaged in settling the

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 189

boundary question ; but it seems that all-important fact
has never been urged on the British government.

It is not strange that Col. Eames and the committee
of '89 should have thought that they were on the
treaty "highlands" when they got on to the mountain
where they marked the corner; the country at that time
was entirely unknown except to the Indians, and it
appears by Col. Eames 's journal that the weather was
cloudy and stormy, and they could not have that view
which we had in clear weather; also the small streams
running from that range of mountains generally run
northwardly, and might very naturally be mistaken for
"Canada waters," as he terms them in his journal. In
all our tour we never passed a single stream or rivulet
but what ran into either the Androscoggin or Connecti-
cut, and I think we could not have been nearer than
eight or ten miles to the nearest waters of St. Francis
river.

I send you a rough, hasty sketch of the situation of
the streams and highlands, drawn without instruments,
in a few moments, but which will give you as good a
general view of it as if done with mathematical accuracy.
You will notice by this that it is very plain that either
Indian Stream or Hall Stream, and probably the latter,
must be the "head" of Connecticut river intended by
the treaty, as you cannot follow the highlands westerly
and get near the waters which run into the lakes.

In fact, if the United States and the British govern-
ment would each appoint an intelligent, practical man,
and have them go and make an actual examination of
the highlands and waters, they would settle the question
at once, and put a final end to this vexatious contro-
versy, and much more favorable to us than we have
ever contended for.

At any rate, according to their own construction of

190 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

the treaty, we have from 40 to 60 thousand acres of
land more than we ever thought of claiming; and Gen.
Young and Mr. Hillard, who left us when we were run-
ning the north line, and went on to it and examined the
land, waters, &c., say much of it is excellent land. Con-
sidering this information of importance, I have thought
it my duty thus early to apprize the commissioners of
the fact, that they may communicate it to the Execu-
tive.

I find some difficulty in finding good hands, in this
busy time of harvesting, to go out with me, but hope
to be able to set out on Wednesday next to complete
the survey of the rivers.

I am respectfully,

your ob't servant,

Eph. H. Mahurin.
Gen. Joseph Low.

P. S. Magalloway river is the main branch of the An-
droscoggin river.

DEPOSITIONS

Deposition of Ephraim H. Mahurin

I Eph. H. Mahurin, of Columbia, Coos county, N. H.,,
depose and say that in August last past I was employed
by Gen. Jos. Low and others, the Indian Stream com-
missioners, as a surveyor to examine and survey the
sources of the several branches of Connecticut river,
and the heights of land adjacent, as set forth in the
survey of the state's commissioners in the year 1789.
That, accompanied by Gen. Ira Young, James M. Hil-
liard, and others, as packmen, &c., I proceeded to Lake
Connecticut, and from thence to the Second lake, so
called, which we explored, and the various small streams

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 191

leading into it ; from thence we crossed the highlands to
the easterly line of the state of New Hampshire, which
line we followed, crossing many small streams running
eastwardly into Magalloway river, which is a large
branch of Androscoggin river, until we reached the
northeasterly corner, which we found to agree with
Col. Jeremiah Eames's journal of the survey in 1789,
being marked on a birch tree, and the marks on the same
corresponding, as far as legible from age, with those
noted in the journal of said survey. We then followed
his line, and found the points of compass and distances
to agree with his journal and field book for about
eight miles, which led us to a point considerably north
and west of the upper lake or pond, and also of all
the waters running into the same. We found two or
three very small brooks running into said pond from
the north, which, we judged, were none of more than
one half mile in length, and the lands to the north very
high, and the heights lying in rather a circular form in
a northerly direction.

We then run and marked a line due west to Indian
Stream, which we found, where we crossed it, suffi-
ciently large for mills at a good pitch of water, and then
run, measured, and marked a line due west from thence
to Hall Stream, on its easterly branch, being much the
longest branch of said stream, and found the distance
between the streams to be three and one half miles and
ten rods.

We then run on three miles west, crossing two small
brooks evidently leading into the east branch of Hall
Stream, and over some high land, and at the end of three
miles came to waters leading into Clifton river in Lower
Canada at the point marked "C" on the plan exhibited.

We then surveyed the stream from the mouth of
Indian Stream to the mouth of Hall Stream, and then

192 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

surveyed Hall Stream from its mouth to the source of
the easterly branch, and found it to be eighteen miles
and twenty two rods in length, and surveyed Indian
Stream from our west line to its source.

On the accompanying plan the river, between the
mouths of Indian and Hall Streams, the whole of Hall
Stream, and that part of Indian Stream northerly of our
west line, are laid down from actual survey and admeas-
urement. Indian Stream from said line to its mouth,
and the lakes and waters leading into and from them,
as also Perry Stream and Magalloway river and their
branches, are laid down from examination, and not from
actual survey and admeasurement.

From our examination it is rendered certain that the
state's committee, who run the line in 1789, mistook
the waters of Magalloway for waters running into the
St. Francis, and supposed they were on the highlands
according to the treaty, when, in fact, they were on the
highlands dividing the waters of Magalloway and Con-
necticut rivers, and that between the line then marked
and the actual highlands, according to the treaty, lies
a large tract of land on the waters of said Magalloway,
which, according to any reasonable construction of the
treaty, must be within the United States, and appeared
to be valuable land.

The heights of land contemplated by the treaty, as
laid down on the plan, are one continuous chain of
mountains, ranging about northeast and southwest, as
far as we could see to the northeast, but are not as high
when you get near to the point " C " on the plan. They
are probably not laid down so far from the line run by
the committee on the plan as they ought to be, except
at the point marked "D," where the location is exact.

The lands around the upper lakes and on the east-
erly line of the state to the corner, and on the line on

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 193

the highlands as run by the committee in 1789, are of
very little value. The lands adjoining Lake Connecti-
cut, and between said lake and the mouth of Indian
Stream, and around Back lake, are a considerable por-
tion of them good lands for cultivation, and settle-
ments are interspersed in various directions.

The lands on the easterly side of Indian Stream, for
some distance from its mouth nearly to its source, are
various in quality, but a considerable portion of good
land, and there are some extensive intervales on said
stream.

The lands between Indian and Hall Streams are more
uniformly of the first rate quality of upland than any I
have seen in the same quantity together anywhere in
this county, and I believe there is no town in this part
of the country where the upland is so uniformly good
for cultivation.

Eph. H. Mahurin.

October 24th, 1836.

Coos, ss. October 25th, 1836. Personally appear-
ing Ephraim H. Mahurin, and made solemn oath that
the foregoing deposition, by him subscribed, is true.
Before me, Ira Young, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Ira Young

I, Ira Young of Colebrook in the county of Coos
and state of New Hampshire, do depose and say that
in August, 1836, at the request of Gen. Joseph Low and
Col. John P. Hale, I accompanied Ephraim H. Mahurin,
Esquire, who had been employed by them as surveyor,
to ascertain the northeast and north boundaries of
the state of New Hampshire, and also to find the line,
if any, run by a committee appointed by the legisla-
ture of said state in 1789, composed of J. Cram, Jere-

194 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

miah Eames, Col. Hoit, and others. We repaired to
Indian Stream Territory, and after having explored the
lake above Lake Connecticut, or Second lake, so
called, we went east to the line between the states of
Maine and New Hampshire, and followed that until we
came to the birch tree which was marked by said com-
mittee as the northeast corner of the state of New
Hampshire, and found upon that tree ancient marks
similar to those described to have been put there by
said committee, some of which were "1789" "J. E."
*'M54"; that said tree stands some distance from the
top of the range of highlands, upon which it is situated.
James M. Hilliard and myself went to the top of the
height to see if the waters running into the St. Lawrence,
Canada, run in the valley between that height and the
height next beyond northerly; that we ascertained
from that examination, and from other information,
that the stream in said valley, which there tended east-
erly, was a branch of the Magallo way, which empties into
the Androscoggin river; that we returned to said birch
tree, and from thence we followed and measured the line
made and spotted by said committee, I carrying one
end of the chain, six miles; that said line was on the
highlands south of said Magalloway branch, and found
the courses and distances indicated by said committee
in 1789 to be correct. We thought it unimportant to
measure any further. We chained no farther, but fol-
lowed said line, which was very distinct in most places,
although made so many years since. Said line led us
within five or six rods of a circular pond from which the
waters run through the Second lake into Lake Con-
necticut, and thus into Connecticut river. Said pond
is about one mile in circumference, and is sometimes
called the Third lake, and is surrounded by quite high
lands. Said Hilliard and myself went northerly from

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 195

said pond to the top of the heights. We judged it from
six to eight miles from that height to the next height
northerly, and we were satisfied from our examination
that the branch of the Magalloway before spoken of as
running in the valley north of said birch tree continued
on in the valley north of said pond, running from the
west, tending eastwardly. From the said pond to said
first heights is perhaps one hundred rods, perhaps one
mile. From thence said Hilliard and myself went west-
erly, and in the course of from one to four miles we
crossed three or four branches of said Magalloway,
small streams running northerly into said valley north-
erly of said pond. In that course we came upon a very
large and extensive piece of flat land, out of which some
of the branches of Magalloway flowed, and also a
branch of the Indian Stream, all running northerly.
Said branch of Indian Stream and our branch of Magal-
loway were near together. We went north of all the
waters that flowed into said pond, but came to the con-
clusion, from what we could see, that some waters run-
ning into said pond took their rise in the south part of
said flat land, and also that some of the Magalloway
waters rose south of the waters running into said pond.
We found the rest of our party, who had followed said
committee's line some four or five miles westerly of said
pond, from whence we took a due west course until we
struck Indian Stream, where it was something of a mill
stream, some one and a half to two rods wnde, and
spotted our line west to that place, and from thence we
returned home.

The distance from the height on which said birch
tree stands, before mentioned, as designated by said
committee in 1789 as the northeast corner of the
state, to the next height north is, as near as I
could calculate without measuring, from six to eight

196 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

miles. The heights last mentioned tend easterly and
westerly.

Ira Young.
Coos, ss. October 22, 1836. Personally appearing
Ira Young and made solemn oath that the foregoing
deposition, by him subscribed, is true.

Before Eph. H. Mahurin, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of James M. Hilliard

1, James M. Hilliard of Colebrook in the county of
Coos and state of New Hamsphire, of lawful age, de-
pose and say that in August, 1836, I was employed by
Gen. Joseph Low to accompany Ephraim H. Mahurin,
who was employed by him as surveyor, as a guide, &c.,
to ascertain the east and northern boundary of the
state of New Hampshire. That we went to the line
between the states of Maine and N. Hampshire, fol-
lowed that until we arrived at the birch tree which was
marked as and for the northeast corner of the state
by a state committee in 1789. That I examined for
the purpose of ascertaining what waters run in the val-
ley northerly of said birch tree, and from that examina-
tion, and from my former acquaintance of the waters
of Magalloway river south of that spot, I have no doubt
that the waters running in that valley are the Magal-
loway waters, which river Magalloway empties into
the Androscoggin river. That the distance from said
birch tree to the next heights north is, as near as I can
calculate it without measuring, between 7 and 8 miles.
And I have no doubt that height divides the waters which
run into Androscoggin and into the St. Lawrence rivers.

That we followed the river as established by said
committee in 1789, commencing at said birch tree, run-
ing southerly and westerly about seven miles to the
pond or Third lake, which is above and connected with

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 197

Lake Connecticut. That I made a farther examination
north of the heights which are near said pond, to ascer-
tain what waters run in the valley north and west of
the waters running into said pond. That I ascertained
to my satisfaction from examination and otherwise, that
the waters running north and west over the heights
north of said pond were the Magalloway waters, which,
running northerly and westerly, are a continuation of
the waters spoken of as running north of said birch
tree. And I have no doubt that the waters north of
soid pond are the Magalloway waters.

From the best calculation I could make without act-
ual admeasurement, that from said pond to the heights
north dividing the waters of the Magalloway and the
St. Francis, which empties into the St. Lawrence, the
distance is seven or eight miles, and that those heights
tend easterly and westerly.

That the branches of the Magalloway which run
about one hundred rods north from said pond, or some
of them, have their rise about four or five miles west of
the small streams which run into said pond, and that
one branch of said Magalloway and one branch of
Lidian Stream have their rise near together.

That we run due west from near said pond, and as
far north as the head waters of the small streams which
run into said pond, about 6 miles, and struck Indian
Stream, which stream at that place was suflBciently
large to carry a mill, about one and a half or two rods
wide. I left said stream on my return home. I have
been on hunting excursions heretofore up said Magallo-
way waters within a short distance of the northeast
corner of the state before mentioned, and know from
having descended it that it was the Magalloway water.

James M. Hilliard.

Coos, ss. October 1, 1836. Sworn to before me,
Ira Young, Justice of the Peace.

198 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Deposition of John Hughes

I, John Hughes of Canaan in the county of Essex and
state of Vermont, depose and say that some time in the
year A. D. 1820 or 1821 I was employed by Dr. Turk
and a Mr. Carhsle, British surveyors, to go with them
and survey the Connecticut river from the forty-fifth
degree of north latitude to its source. Accordingly we
commenced at Col. Jeremiah Eames's in Stewartstown,
and surveyed up the Connecticut river on its east side
till it is intersected by Hall's Stream, when we crossed
over to the other side and ran up to the first lake, which
is called Lake Connecticut, which lake we surveyed,
and surveyed the river from said lake up to the middle,
or Second lake, which we also surveyed, and surveyed
the stream which appeared to be' the largest, and which
led from the third pond, situated about 5 or 6 miles
above the second pond, and about one mile long and
about one half or three quarters of a mile wide. There
were two streams running into this pond, both of which
we measured, one was less, and the other more, than a
half mile long.

When we arrived at the source of the laigest brook
which ran into the pond, and could find no running
water any further up, Mr. Carlisle remarked that Judge
Chipman had told them to run up to the last drop of
running water in the main branch of Connecticut river,
and that, having done that, we might put up our chains,
as there was no further use for them, which we accord-
ingly did.

After we had surveyed to the source of these waters,
as I have stated, we returned to the camp, which was at
the last named little pond at the head of Connecticut
river, as now called, and one Brockway, who accompanied
us, told the British surveyors that the St. Francis
waters were just over the hill upon the side of which we

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 199

had surveyed. I then asked said Brockway how long
he had been in this country, and he replied eighteen
months. I made answer that I had hunted over that
very country for more than twenty years, and that I
knew the St. Francis waters were not to be found within
eight miles. We then returned to the source of the
stream which we had surveyed, and there the surveyors
made marks upon the trees, and set their compass and
indicated a due west, upon which we went without
measuring the distance, till we intersected the middle
branch of Indian Stream, at a place large enough for a
small mill-stream, so large that we were under the
necessity of cutting a tree to make a bridge to pass over
the same. When we intersected this stream Dr. Turk
and iVIr. Carlisle went away some rods distance out of
hearing, but not out of sight, and tarried some time,
when they returned and told me to pilot them the best
and nearest way to Col. Eames's, which we accordingly
did. This was all I had to do with surveying about
the line between the United States and Canada. On
this expedition we were accompanied by no American
commissioner or surveyor, nor indeed by any Amer-
ican, except myself and a few others who were hired by
them as assistants.

I was seventy years old last May.

John Hughes.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 4, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Rufus Brockway

I, Rufus Brockway of Indian Stream Settlement in
the county of Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose
and say that about the year 1820 I was employed by

200 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Mr. Carlisle and Dr. Turk, British surveyors, to go with
them and survey Connecticut river above the forty-
fifth degree of north latitude.

We accordingly commenced our survey oij the west
side of Connecticut river at the 45th degree of north
latitude, and run up the Connecticut river to Lake
Connecticut; we then surveyed said lake, then pro-
ceeded to measure, up stream, the main branch which
ran into said lake, about four miles to a second lake
or pond, which we also surveyed. There were three
streams which ran into this second lake or pond, and
we selected the westerly one, judging that to be the
largest, and surveyed that up about seven miles to a
third lake or pond, being about one mile long and a half
mile wide, according to my judgment. This last or
third pond we also surveyed, and surveyed the largest
stream which ran into this third pond about the distance
of one mile, when we came to the high land.

After we had come to the source of the last stream
which we surveyed, we ascended the height of the high
land there, and Mr. Carlisle set his compass and found
the due west course, upon which course we then con-
tinued our survey, and ran till we struck a small stream
which proved to be Indian Stream; we ran across that
stream, and continued our course till we intersected
another stream large enough for a mill stream, which
we found was Hall's Stream. When we came, as above
stated, to Hall's Stream, Dr. Turk remarked that it
was of no use to proceed any farther, as there could be
no doubt that this stream was the one which extended
farthest to the northwest, and we had better return
immediately to the 45th degree of north latitude, and
he directed the guide to proceed to the nearest inhabi-
tant, which he did, and we all went to the house of one
Joseph Weston, in the township of Hereford, in the

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 201

province of Lower Canada, where we tarried all night,
and the following day returned to the house of Col.
Eames, near the Connecticut river, about one mile
south of the 45th degree of north latitude, where Dr.
Turk settled with the men who accompanied him on
the expedition.

In May, 1821, I received a letter from Dr. Turk
informing me that he wished me to accompany him on
another surveying expedition. I immediately went to
Col. Eames's, as requested in the letter, and there met
Dr. Turk, who told me he wanted me to go with him
and survey Leach's Stream, and see if that did not ex-
tend farther to the northwest than did Hall's Stream.
Accordingly we went and commenced surveying Leach's
Stream, and continued it till we came to its source. We
then took a due east course and proceeded till we
intersected Hall's Stream a httle above where we inter-
sected on the former route, when we were surveying
westerly. We still found that, at the place where we
now intersected it, it was quite a large stream, large
enough for a mill stream. Dr. Turk again remarked
that Hall's Stream was the one which extended farthest
to the northwest, and that it was of no use to proceed
any farther, and directed the guide to lead them to Col.
Eames's, where he again settled with the men who
accompanied him.

On the following morning Dr. Turk remarked to me
that when we first surveyed Connecticut river we had
no means of ascertaining that the stream running into
the Second lake or pond, which we took for the largest,
was actually so, as we did not survey but one of them,
and he wanted to go and survey another of them, and
see if we could, from the source of that, run a due west
course north of Hall's Stream. Accordingly we went
to the Second lake or pond, mentioned in our first sur-

202 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

veying expedition, and commenced surveying the east-
erly stream, which emptied itself into the Second lake
or pond aforesaid, and surveyed it to its source. We
then took a due west course, and ran on it till we again
intersected Hall's Stream, not far from the places where
we had formerly intersected it on our two former
expeditions. Dr. Turk again remarked, as he had twice
before, that it was of no use for him to proceed any
farther, for Hall's Stream was the one which came the
farthest from the northwest, and must ultimately be
the prevailing stream, and we then returned to Col.
Eames's, and Dr. Turk settled with me.

RuFus Brockway.
State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 3, 1836.
Then Rufus Brockway, above named, personally
appeared and made oath that the above deposition, by
him signed, is true. Before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Luther Fuller

I, Luther Fuller of Colebrook in the county of Coos
and state of New Hampshire, depose and say that in
the year 1785 I hunted on Indian Stream Territory for
Maj. Whitcomb, and afterwards in 1789 I went with the
N. H. committee for locating the lands belonging to
the state in the north and east part of said state.
That ever since 1785 I have been acquainted with said
territory, having resided most of that time in this section
of the state. I have always understood the same to
belong to the state of New Hampshire, and always
supposed the line as run in 1789 as fixing, locating, and
establishing that territory as within the state, and
never heard it questioned until within a year or two,

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 203

and I never knew of any claim made dm'ing that time
by the British or Canadian government, until within a
year or two, of that territory.

That about thirty years since, Levi Willard, a sheriff
of Cobs county, attached and drove away a number of
oxen and cows and young cattle from said territory
belonging to a person of the name of Smart, who resided
at said Indian Stream, and I have heard of services
having been made in said territory ever since by sheriffs,
or their deputies, of Coos county. From my knowledge
of Hall's Stream, Indian Stream, and the streams run-
ning into the ponds and lakes connected with Lake
Connecticut, having been on these streams in 1789 with
the committee, and having hunted there before, I have
no doubt that Hall's Stream runs farthest northwest of
either of said streams.

Luther Fuller.

Coos, ss. August 9, 1836. Personally appearing
Luther Fuller, and made solemn oath that the above
deposition, by him subscribed, is true. Before me,

Ira Young, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Luther Fuller

I, Luther Fuller of Colebrook in the county of Coos,
do depose and say that in the year 1789 I was employed
by Jeremiah Fames, a Mr. Cram, and a Mr. Hoit, who
had been appointed commissioners by the state of New
Hampshire to ascertain, run out, and mark the north-
western and northern bounds of New Hampshire. I
accompanied them on this expedition. In the month
of March we ascended Hall's Stream about fifteen or
seventeen miles from its mouth, and there we erected
a monument.

When we had arrived at this point, supposing that we

204 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

had got above the other head waters of the Connecticut,
we left Hall's Stream, and took an east or northeast
course till we reached the highlands that divide the
waters that run into St. Francis river from those that
run into the Connecticut. I think that we went about
fifteen miles from Hall's Stream east or northeast on
to the highlands, and here we erected a monument, and
then returned.

In the fall of the same year we went to Fryeburg, now
in the state of Maine, and run north on the line between
then Massachusetts, now Maine, and New Hampshire,
till we again came to the highlands that divide the
waters of the St. Francis from those of Connecticut
river in this state. Here we fell and girdled trees, and
erected a monument for the northeast corner of New
Hampshire. Thence we run west, following the high-
lands, till we came to the monument we erected on the
said highlands in March before, when we went up Hall's
Stream.

Messrs. Fames, Cram, and Hoit are all dead, and I
believe all the company except Theophilus Cutler and
David Smith, who live somewhere in Vermont, and
myself.

Several years since, the state of New Hampshire
commenced prosecutions against one Ebenezer Fletcher
and some others for intruding upon lands in Indian
Stream Territory. Col. Fames was witness on the trials,
and I heard his testimony, and he swore to the facts
above stated. I was also a witness, and swore to the
same. I further say that, in following the highlands
from the northeast monument we erected, west, we pass
above all the head waters of the Connecticut, or the
streams emptying into the Connecticut, till we come to
Hall's Stream. I well recollect we passed above all the
waters of Indian Stream, which was then considered the

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 205

main branch of Connecticut river, though there was but
little difference in the size of the three branches.

Luther Fuller.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 3, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Jesse Carr

I, Jesse Carr of Colebrook in the county of Coos
and state of New Hampshire, depose and say that as
early as the year 1808 I have known Levi Willard, at
that time sheriff of this county, frequently to go to
Indian Stream Territory for the purpose (as he said)
of serving judicial process on some of the inhabitants
there, and on one occasion I knew said Willard to go
with a writ or process, as he then told me, against one
Nathaniel Wales of said Indian Stream, and I saw him
return with said Wales in his custody. I further depose
and say that I have for about thirty years been well
acquainted with Indian Stream Territory, and I never
knew or heard of any other authority claiming to have
any jurisdiction over said territory except the state of
New Hampshire, till within about one year, in which
time I have heard that one Alexander Rea has been
there asserting the claim of Lower Canada.

I further depose and say that in the year 1821 I was
with Dr. Turk and Mr. Carlisle, British surveyors, to
survey the line between this state and Lower Canada,
and that Dr. Turk then remarked that Indian Stream
would be the one ultimately fixed upon as the boundary
line, because that was the one most northwesterly, and
the one first intersected by the highlands, running the
course indicated by the treaty.

I further depose and say that I am well acquainted

206 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

with the general reputation of Alexander Rea of Here-
ford, and it is bad. One reason why I remember ac-
curately the time when said Willard went into said
territory for the purpose of serving process on inhabi-
tants of Indian Stream as aforesaid is that immediately
previous to that I had been specially deputed by said
Willard to serve a warrant on an inhabitant of said
territory, and went there for that purpose, but, not
finding him, returned, having made no service. I was
appointed a deputy sheriff of this county about the
year 1809, and continued in said office over seven years.

Jesse Carr.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 18, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Ebenezer Fletcher

I, Ebenezer Fletcher of Indian Stream in the county
of Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose and say
that I have resided where I now do for the last twenty-
four years, and I never knew or heard of any other
power or authority than the state of New Hampshire
exercising or claiming to exercise any jurisdiction over
this territory till, some time in the year 1835, I under-
stood one Alexander Rea had been into the settlement
claiming that the territory belonged to Canada. I
have frequently known the sheriffs from New Hamp-
shire come here to serve legal process, but I never knew
any officer from Canada come here, or attempt to come
here, with any such purpose. The inhabitants of this
settlement have generally, till within about fourteen
months, claimed to constitute a settlement subject to
the general jurisdiction of the United States, but not
within the limits of any particular state, but I never

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 207

knew or heard of any of the inhabitants claiming to
belong to Canada till the time I have before mentioned,
viz., some time in 1835. I do not know where the line
run by the committee of the N. H. legislature in the
year 1789 is, but I have been told by Thomas Eames,
who has been dead about five years, that he "was the
surveyor who went with said committee, and that the
line which said committee established followed the
highlands on a westerly course till it met the head
waters of Hall's Stream," and the limits of this state
have always been reputed and considered as extending
thus far.

Eben'r Fletcher.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 11, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Gideon Tirrell

I, Gideon Tirrell of Clarksville in the county of Coos
and state of New Hampshire, depose and say that
since the 7th day of March, A. D. 1825, I have been
a justice of the peace for said county of Coos. I
have for twenty-two years resided where I now do,
within four miles and a half of Indian Stream, and
during all this time I have never known or heard of
any other government than the state of New Hampshire
exercising or claiming to exercise any jurisdiction in
any way or manner over said territory, till, sometime
in the month of June, A. D. 1835, I understood one
Alexander Rea had claimed the territory as belonging
to the province of Lower Canada, and on that ground
had sent a warrant there against Luther Parker, one
of the inhabitants, by which he was seized and carried
out of the state. I have married a number of couples

208 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

from said Indian Stream, and I never knew or heard
of any of the inhabitants going to Canada to be married,
or having a clergyman or magistrate to marry them
there from Canada. I have known the inhabitants of
Indian Stream as long since as nine or ten years to
obtain the bounty paid by this state for the destruction
of wolves, whenever they destroyed any.

Sometime in October last Clark J. Haynes come to
my house and informed me that a mob from Canada
had been over and taken Richard I. Blanchard, and
were carrying him to Canada. This report excited
very general indignation in this neighborhood, and there
was a general turn-out for his rescue, myself among the
number, but when I arrived at the store of Parmelee
& Joy in Canaan, Vermont, I found that said Blanchard
had already been rescued, and he was then there at
said store.

After we had been some time at said store an adver-
tisement was exhibited offering a reward of five dollars
for the apprehension of one John H. Tyler, who had
previously been arrested by one William M. Smith, a
deputy sheriff of this county, and rescued from him by
a mob at Indian Stream. A party accordingly started
after said Tyler, but I did not hear the name of Alex-
ander Rea, or of any other individual, mentioned as
an object of pursuit, except said John H. Tyler.

When this party returned they brought back said
Alexander Rea with them. I did not go into Canada
that day for any purpose.

Gideon Tirrell.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 9, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace,

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 209

Deposition of David Kent

I, David Kent of Stewartstown in the county of
Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose and say
that I am a regularly ordained elder of the Freewill
Baptist church, and as such duly qualified, by the regu-
lations of said church and the laws of the state of New
Hampshire, to solenmize marriages. I am now in the
sixty-fifth year of my age, and have resided more than
eighteen years in this town, and have been all the time
well acquainted with Indian Stream and its inhabi-
tants, and I never knew or heard of any other govern-
ment except the state of New Hampshire exercising
or claiming to exercise any jurisdiction over said terri-
tory, till about the time that one Alexander Rea was
said to have been claiming the territory as belonging to
Canada, not far from two years since. During all this
time the inhabitants of said Indian Stream Territory
have been in the habit of coming into this county for
the purpose of being joined in marriage, and never,
so far as I have learned, have they gone to Canada to
be married, nor has any marriage ever been solemnized
there among them by any one deriving authority from
the church or civil authority of Canada. I have mar-
ried as many as five couples from said Indian Stream
Territory, and about four years since I joined in mar-
riage at said Indian Stream, on the Sabbath Day,
Samuel Drown to Deborah Hyland. This was in
presence of most of the inhabitants of said Indian
Stream Territory, when they were assembled for relig-
ious worship, and I heard no objection made or sug-
gested by any one on account of my want of authority,
it being derived from New Hampshire.

David Kent.
State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 5, 1836.

Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

210 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Deposition of Samuel Danforth

I, Samuel Danforth of Indian Stream in the county
of Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose and say
that I am fifty-two years of age, and for the last six-
teen years have resided at Indian Stream, and during
all that time I never knew any other government than
the state of New Hampshire exercise or claim to exer-
cise any jurisdiction over said territory in any way or
manner, either by sending judicial process there to be
served, or in any other way, till one Alexander Rea
came in there, claiming the territory as belonging to
Canada, about the middle of June, A. D. 1835. While
I have lived there, the inhabitants, when they killed
a wolf, or any other creature for whom a bounty is
offered by the laws of New Hampshire, have uniformly
gone into New Hampshire for said bounty, and have
uniformly received it.

About a year since, as near as I can recollect, said
Alexander Rea addressed the inhabitants of said Indian
Stream at a meeting holden at the school house, and,
as I am partially deaf, I did not hear all he said, but
remember distinctly that one object of Rea was to have
some individuals recommended by the inhabitants
for the appointment of justices of the peace.

Samuel Danforth.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 9, 1886.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of John Harriman

I, John Harriman of Stewartstown in the county of
Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose and say
that I now live, and for the last sixteen years have

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 211

resided in said Stewartstown, within about four miles
of Indian Stream Settlement, except about five or six
years of the time, which I have resided in Clarksville, a
town yet nearer to said Indian Stream Settlement.
During said sixteen years I have been well acquainted
with the inhabitants of said Indian Stream Territory,
and for the greater part of the time resorted there
altogether for the purposes of procuring my lumber
sawed at the sawmill, and my grain ground at the
gristmill, and occasionally for other purposes. During
the whole of said period I never knew of the authority
of the province of Lower Canada, or of any authority
except the state of New Hampshire exercising or
attempting to exercise any jurisdiction there, until
sometime in the year 1835. I then heard, for the first
time, that some individuals began to talk about the
territory belonging to the province of Lower Canada.
In the course of that year, in the month of September
(I think), I understood, casually, that there was to be a
meeting in the territory for the purpose of nominating
individuals to be recommended to the British authority
for the appointment of magistrates. This meeting was
to be holden on the Sabbath, and, as I learned, there was
an adjourned meeting from one holden the day pre-
vious. I went to attend said meeting from motives of
curiosity solely, and when I arrived there I found that
the principal man of said meeting was one Alexander
Rea of the town of Hereford in the province of Lower
Canada. All the principal measures adopted or ad-
vocated were brought forward by this individual. I
well remember that said Rea at said meeting frequently
assured the individuals there assembled in said meeting
that they should be protected by the government of
Lower Canada against the encroachments of New
Hampshire, and he recommended to them to raise a

212 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

committee to report to the government of Lower
Canada all the encroachments of New Hampshire as
fast as they should occur, which was accordingly done.
I further depose and say that during said time I have
known the inhabitants of said Indian Stream Territory
frequently to resort to Stewartstown aforesaid for the
purpose of being joined in marriage, but I have never
known or heard of said inha,bitants, any or either of
them, going to Canada, or any other place except New
Hampshire, for the purpose of being married. I further
depose and say that I do not loiow where the line
established by the committee of the N. H. legislature
in the year 1789 or 1790 is, except by general reputa-
tion, which always has been that the line extended along
the highlands dividing the waters of the Atlantic from
the St. Lawrence, till the intersection of said highlands
with the head of Hall's Stream, and the jurisdiction of
New Hampshire has been considered and reputed as
extending thus far.

I am acquainted with the general reputation of said
Alexander Rea, and have no hesitation in saying it is
not good.

John Harriman.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 8, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

I further depose and say that in April, 1836, I saw
and had a conversation with one Flanders, the son of
Zebulon Flanders of Hereford, Lower Canada. He is
a young man of about eighteen or twenty years of age,
and appeared to be a fair, candid young man. He
said he was at Alexander Rea's house the day in October
last that Richard I. Blanchard was rescued by a party
from New Hampshire, standing near Rea's house before

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 213

said Rea was taken and carried to Canaan, and when he
came out of his house with Zaccheus CJough and Barnard
Young, said Rea had received information that two
men had come over the line from the United States, and
were not far from Rea's house, as said Flanders in-
formed me he understood. Rea said to Young and
Clough "When I tell you hitch upon them," meaning
one Miles Hurlburt and E. C. Aldrich, who were then
below said Rea's house. Rea passed hastily along, as
said Flanders represented, that Rea advanced upon
Hurlburt and Aldrich, and they retreated several rods,
the said Flanders being in sight of them at that time.

WTien said Rea was at Parmelee & Joy's, at Canaan,
I heard a conversation between Alexander Rea and the
said E. C. Aldrich. Said Aldrich said to Rea, "Don't
you take my horse again by the bridle when I am in
the highway peaceably." Rea answered that he had
a right, as it was a riot. Aldrich said he thought not,
as it took more than two by the laws to constitute a
riot. Rea replied, it was approaching a riot, or some-
thing to that effect, which was all I heard upon the
subject.

John Harriivian.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 8, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Nathaniel Perkins

I, Nathaniel Perkins of Indian Stream in the county
of Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose and say
that I have lived where I now do twenty-two years, and
during all the time I never knew or heard of any other
authority or government exercising or claiming to
exercise any jurisdiction here except the state of New

214 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Hampshire, till, sometime in the year 1835, one Alex-
ander Ilea sent into the settlement, claiming that the
territory belonged to Canada. Sometime the last of
September or first of October last past said Alexander
Ilea sent a letter to Jeremiah Tabor and several other
inhabitants of Indian Stream, which letter was shown
to me, although it was not directed to me, requesting
them to notify the inhabitants that he should meet
them at a schoolhouse in the settlement on the then
following Saturday at 4 o'clock P. M., and also on the
Sabbath following at another schoolhouse in the set-
tlement at one o'clock P. M., if it was thought best,
and that he would meet them and lay before them more
communications from his government. I state the
contents of this letter from recollection, not having it
in my possession. The meetings were notified and
holden accordingly, and said Ilea attended and read
some communications which he said were from Lord
Gosford, the Governor of Lower Canada, through his
private secretary, to Mr. Moore, the representative of
St. Francis, stating, among other things, that the terri-
tory was considered by the government of Lower
Canada belonging to them as much as any part of the
district of St. Francis, and the inhabitants would be
protected by said government against the encroach-
ments of New Hampshire or any other government.
He then suggested the propriety of the whole inhabit-
ants, or a committee to be raised for that purpose,
signing a paper thanking Lord Gosford for the notice
he had taken of them, and requesting further assistance;
he also proposed that a committee be raised to report
to the government of Canada any encroachments which
might be made upon them by the state of New Hamp-
shire. He then made remarks to the meeting of a
similar character, assuring the inhabitants of the pro-

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 215

tection of the government of Canada. He also pro-
posed that a committee be appointed to nominate
suitable individuals to be recommended for the ap-
pointment of justices of the peace, which was done
accordingly.

After this meeting was over I had a conversation
with said Rea upon the subject, and warned him against
the course he was taking, begged him to desist, for he
would only make difficulty, told him the measure the
legislature of this state had taken to assert and main-
tain jurisdiction over the territory, to which he replied
that the state of New Hampshire would not be so
foolish as to interfere again after what he had done.

I have no hesitation in giving it as my opinion that
all the difficulties which have taken place in this
neighborhood for the last two years have arisen from
the meddling and interfering officiousness of said
Alexander Rea.

Nath'l Perkins.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 10, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Horace Loomis

I, Horace Loomis of Colebrook in the county of Coos
and state of New Hampshire, depose and say that in the
year of our Lord 1825 I was appointed a deputy of the
sheriff of said county of Cobs, and that year or the one
ensuing I had a writ put into my hands against Clark J.
Haynes, and about the same time two or three writs
against Rufus Brock way, and also one writ against
John McConnell, all residents in Indian Stream Terri-
tory, and also divers writs against several others resi-
dent in said territory. All of which precepts I served.

216 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

some by attaching property, and some by arresting the
body of the defendant, and at no time, nor on any
occasion, did I hear any objection made to the service
of any or either of said processes by any one, on occasion
of any real or pretended claim of the government of
Lower Canada, or any British authority, to have any
jurisdiction over said territory. And I further depose
and say that I continued to act as deputy sheriff for
said county until May, 1834, and during the whole
time of my so being deputy sheriff, as aforesaid, I
occasionally, from time to time, served process in said
territory or settlement as they were put into my hands,
and I never heard, during the whole of said period, any
claim of the British authorities to have control or
jurisdiction over said territory or settlement. I further
depose and say that sometime in the year 1826 or 1827
I had a writ against said Brock way, and made a prisoner
of him, but he was rescued from me by some of the
inhabitants of the settlement. I returned the writ to
court, with a return thereon stating the facts precisely
as they took place. Execution thereupon issued, was
put into my hands for service, and I collected a suflScient
force in the county, went into the territory, and made
service of the same by arresting said Brock way, and
bringing him away and committing him to jail in
Lancaster in this county. I further depose and say
that I have on other occasions made service of execu-
tions on the inhabitants of said territory by attaching
and selling personal property.

Horace Loomis.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. October 7th,
1836.
Then the said Horace Loomis personally appeared
and made oath that the above deposition, by him
subscribed, is true. Before me,

Ira Young, Justice of the Peace.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 217

Deposition of Francis Willson

I, Francis Willson of Guildhall in the county of
Essex and state of Vermont, depose and say that in
the year 1821 I was appointed a deputy of the sheriff
of the county of Coos, in the state of New Hampshire,
which office I continued to hold about seven years. I
resided at Colebrook, in said county of Coos, for nearly
three years immediately following my said appoint-
ment, and during said time I served various processes
on inhabitants of Indian Stream Territory. And
during said time I never heard of any claim to juris-
diction over said territory or its inhabitants by any
other power than the state of New Hampshire. Many
of the inhabitants of said territory were reputed and
considered to be a lawless set, opposed to the enforce-
ment of any law, and the place at that time, from its
remote situation, was supposed to be a place of resort
for those who found it inconvenient to reside in that
part of the country where debts could be collected by
legal process, and the criminal law duly enforced.

Francis Willson.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 6, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Ilezekiah Parsons

I, Hezekiah Parsons of Colebrook in the county of
Coos and state of New Hampshire, one of the justices
of the peace of said county, and late member of the
New Hampshire legislature, do depose and say that
I have resided in this town about forty-five years, and
am well acquainted with the Indian Stream Territory.
In the year 1817 or 1818 I was deputy sheriff in said

218 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

county, and had precepts against persons residing in
said territory, and I went there for the purpose of serv-
ing the same by attachment of property, but could not
find such as I was directed to take. The territory was
then, and had been deemed by most people as belonging
to New Hampshire. I recollect that in 1807 I was a
member of the N. H. legislature, and there was then
a petition before said legislature praying the state to
relinquish their claim to said territory, which was
refused. Since the time I have referred to, in 1817 or
1818, I have often heard of precepts being served in
the Indian Stream Territory, issued by the authorities
in New Hampshire, and served by their officers. •

Some time about the year 1820 I was employed by
the Attorney-General of the state to ascertain the lines
and bounds of certain settlers on the territory, for the
purposes of judicial process. In attending to this
duty I was aided and assisted by the inhabitants of the
territory. I recollect that the names of Mr. Highland
and Mr. Fletcher were two of the persons against
whom process was instituted, who resided between
the Indian Stream and what is now called Connecticut
river.

Hezekiah Parsons.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 2, 1836.
Then Hezekiah Parsons personally appeared and
made oath that the above deposition, by him signed, is
true. Before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Ira Young

I, Ira Young of Colebrook in the county of Coos
and state of New Hampshire, attorney and counsellor
at law, depose and say that in the year 1819 I opened

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 219

an office at Colebrook, remained until 1820 or 1821,
when I removed to Bath, and in 1825 or 1826 returned
again to Colebrook, where I have resided ever since.
That occasionally, ever since 1819, I have made writs
and other processes against persons residing at Indian
Stream, which have been served there by deputy
sheriffs of Coos county, some of which have been settled,
and upon some I have obtained judgments in our
courts. That from 1819, until within one or two years,
I never heard that the Canadian or British govern-
ment ever laid any claim to jurisdiction over said
territory, or that any of the residents at Indian Stream
claimed to be within their jurisdiction. The majority
of the population there, during the most of that time,
was composed of individuals who had gone there to
avoid debts, or, being pressed for the payment of them,
claiming at Indian Stream sometimes to be within the
state of Vermont, sometimes in the state of Maine,
sometimes without any state, and to be in a territory
belonging to the United States, and solely under the
jurisdiction of the United States, and sometimes to be
independent, as not being within the territory of the
United States, or of the province or provinces of the
British government. In October, 1831, proceedings
were instituted, in which I was counsel, under our
statute "to provide for the maintenance of bastard
children, " in the name of one Melissa Thurston of said
Indian Stream, against Moody Haynes of said Indian
Stream, in which the said Melissa charged the said
Moody Haynes of being the father of the child of which
she was then pregnant, and that it was begotten in
April, 1831, at said Indian Stream. The said Haynes
was arrested and bound over to appear at the court of
common pleas, Coos county, September term, 1832,
at which term Haynes appeared and pleaded to the

220 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

jurisdiction of said court, because the cause of com-
plaint accrued to the said MeHssa "at Indian Stream,
and on the west side of Connecticut river in the terri-
tory of Indian Stream," without the jurisdiction of
the court, &c. The complainant replied that the cause
of complaint accrued within the county of Coos, within
the jurisdiction of the court, &c. The prosecution
was pending until the old court of common pleas was
abolished, and the present court established, and the
jurisdiction of the present court of common pleas
sustained by the concurrence, as I understood, of the
judges of the superior court, and before the term for
which the prosecution stood for trial the same was
settled by the parties and dismissed. The plea to the
jurisdiction was overruled on the ground that, years
before, the question had been settled in the superior
court sustaining the jurisdiction.

Ira Young.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 6, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of William M. Smith

I, William M. Smith of Stewartstown in the county
of Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose and say
that on the 26th day of June, A. D. 1834, I was duly
appointed a deputy sheriff of said county by John H.
White, Esq., sheriff of said county; that about the last
of September or the first October, A. D. 1835, a writ in
favor of William Buckminster of Danville, Vt., against
John H. Tyler of Indian Stream in said county of Coos,
was delivered to me. I accordingly went to the resi-
dence of said Tyler for the purpose of making service of
said writ, having previously procured Richard I. Blan-

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 221

chard and John Milton Harvey to go with me, both
because I did not know said Tyler when I saw him, and
also because I had heard that there had been some
difficulties at the place, and some of the inhabitants
had threatened resistance to any officer who should
attempt to serve process there. I went to said Tyler's
dwelling house first, and not finding him at home I
proceeded farther to a farm where said Tyler was at
work, and arrested him by virtue of said writ, having
previously requested him to show me property, which
he declined doing. As I was proceeding with said
Tyler in my custody, we were met by Emor Applebee
and two of his sons, Alanson Cummings, and a man by
the name of Tyler, whose Christian name I do not
know, Jonathan C. L. Ejiights, and two more whose
names I do not know, all stopped by the side of the
road where I must necessarily pass with Tyler. At the
request of Tyler, my prisoner, I also stopped where these
men were, and I was very soon told I must go no further
with said Tyler, and after being told by all or most of
the party that Tyler should be carried no farther by
me, and that they would protect him from me even at
the cost of their lives, I was, upon attempting to take
said Tyler along with me, forcibly prevented by said
Emor Applebee, who interposed himself between me
and my prisoner, aided and countenanced as aforesaid
by the company with him as aforesaid, and thereupon
I left them, and made a return of said writ to the court
when and where the same was returnable, with a return
of my doings on the same, stating the facts precisely
as they occurred. Immediately after said Tyler was
rescued from me in the manner above related, I informed
John H. White, Esq., sheriff of said county, of all the
facts, and, by his advice, I offered a reward of five dollars
for the apprehension of said Tyler, and delivery to me

222 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

or to the Lancaster jail, by an advertisement. Not
long after this I heard that said Blanchard had been
taken from his home by some people from Canada, and
that they were then carrying him to Canada. This
report was generally spread through the neighborhood,
and produced great excitement and indignation, and
a pretty general turn-out of the citizens for his rescue.
I, among the number, turned out, and so far as I could
learn or understand the feeling of those who came out,
there was a settled and inflexible determination to
rescue said Blanchard at even the extremest hazard.
When I arrived at the store of Parmelee & Joy in
Canaan, Vermont, not being armed, myself, I gave up
my horse to an individual who was armed, who pro-
ceeded immediately towards Canada in the direction
that those who had Blanchard in custody must neces-
sarily pass. In about an hour after I had thus given
up my horse, the party returned with said Blanchard.
Some one then remarked to me that said John H.
Tyler was with the party who had said Blanchard in
custody, and that if I had been with them I might have
retaken him. Some one then asked me for an adver-
tisement of said Tyler, but I had none with me, but
had one written immediately, which they took, and a
party then started from the store of Parmelee & Joy
for Canada, for the purpose of retaking said Tyler as
they stated. I did not hear Alexander Rea's name
mentioned in connection with this party going to Can-
ada until after they returned with him in their custody,
said Tyler being the sole object of pursuit. The indi-
vidual to whom I gave the advertisement was Capt.
James Mooney.

Wm. M. Smith.

State of New Hampshire, Cobs, ss. August 3, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 223

Deposition of Milton Harvey

I, Milton Harvey of Colebrook in the county of
Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose and say
that in April, 1833, I was appointed by John H. White,
Esq., a deputy sheriff for the county of Coos. That in
1834 I served a warrant in Indian Stream Territory on
a person residing there, by the name of Burrill, for an
offence alleged to have been committed there, brought
him to Colebrook for examination. No resistance was
made. I went there in 1835 to serve several writs
on inhabitants of said territory. It was in February
or March of that year. Resistance was then made
to my serving writs by attaching property. The per-
sons against whom I had process, and others accom-
panying them, claimed to be independent, to be an
independent government not belonging to the govern-
ments of Great Britain or the United States, inde-
pendent of either until the line was settled. I was in
company with William M. Smith when he arrested
John H. Tyler, and when said Tyler was rescued from
his custody by a number of the inhabitants of Indian
Stream Territory, they then claiming to belong, and that
Indian Stream Territory belonged to the province of
Lower Canada. I have no recollection of ever having
heard, before that, that said inhabitants claimed to
belong to the province of Lower Canada, or that the
Canadian people or government claimed any juris-
diction over said territory and inhabitants. In Octo-
ber last, when Richard I. Blanchard was taken and
carried from Indian Stream Settlement by a party of
Canadians and others, I went in company with Ephraim
H. Mahurin and others, for the purpose of rescuing said
Blanchard. He was rescued and brought back to
Canaan Corner, Vt. The carrying away said Blanchard
was considered a very great outrage, and the people

224 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

collected for his rescue were very indignant and very
considerably excited, and expressed a determination
to rescue him if possible. After our return to Parmelee
& Joy's in Canaan, a party started from there to go and
take John H. Tyler, who had been arrested by William
M. Smith, and rescued as I have before stated. Smith
offered five dollars reward for his apprehension and
delivery to him. I did not hear the name of Alexander
Rea mentioned in connection with said party going to
Canada, nor did I hear any reward offered by any in-
dividual for bringing said Rea out, nor did I hear any
wish or intention expressed that said Rea should be
brought out, nor did I know of any such attention, nor
do I believe any existed at the time said party started
after said Tyler. I left Canaan before said party
returned.

Milton Harvey.

Coos, ss. August 8, 1836. Personally appearing
Milton Harvey, and made solemn oath that the above
deposition, by him subscribed, is true. Before me,
Ira Young, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Richard I. Blanchard

I, Richard I. Blanchard of Indian Stream in the
county of Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose
and say that about the twelfth day of October, A. D.
1835, William M. Smith, a deputy sheriff of Coos
county, came to me and told me he had a writ
against John H. Tyler of this place, and he did not
know the man, and he wanted me to go with him and
show him said Tyler, which I accordingly did. Soon
after this, to wit, on the 22nd day of the same October,
Zebulon Flanders, Zaccheus Clough, and John H. Tyler
came to my house armed with one musket between

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

them, and told me they had a warrant against me. I
asked them by what authority. They answered
"the King's." I asked said Clough who appeared to
be the chief man of the party, if he would read said
warrant to me and he replied yes, and attempted to
read it, but was unable to do it, and I asked him to let
me have it, and he did hand it to me, but before I had
read it said Flanders took it from me, and the party
started with me, and were occasionally joined by
others, so that by the time I was rescued, the party
having custody of me amounted to twelve or fifteen.
When I was within about a mile of the house of Alex-
ander Rea, to which place I understood they were
conveying me, we were met by a party of about eight
men from New Hampshire on horseback, all or most
of them armed, and they demanded my release from
the party having custody of me, which was refused,
but after some further talk the party from New Hamp-
shire resolutely demanding my release, I was at length
released, without any force being used on either side,
and I went with the party down to the store of Parmelee
& Joy in Canaan, Vermont.

I am a deputy of the sheriff of Coos county, and was
at the time of my said abduction. I have lived at this
place about fiftefen years, and never knew or heard of
the British government exercising or claiming to exer-
cise any jurisdiction here till some time last year, when
Alexander Rea began to claim that the territory be-
longed to Canada, and on that ground began sending
his warrants into the settlement.

Richard I. Blanchard.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 11, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

226 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Deposition of Miles Hurlhurt

I, Miles Hurlburt of Colebrook in the county of
Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose and say
that some time in the month of October, A. D. 1835,
Clark J. Haynes of Indian Stream came to my house
in Clarksville, where I then lived, and told me that
some of the Canadians had been over and taken Richard
I. Blanchard, and were carrying him to Canada, and
he wanted me to take my gun with me and go and help
rescue him from them. Said Haynes then went on
towards Colebrook village, as I understood from him at
the time, for the purpose of notifying the citizens on
the road of the outrage that had been committed in
the abduction of one of our citizens. I immediately
started, taking with me my gun, powder and balls, and
I was joined by Joseph P. Wiswell and John Harriman,
who were on horseback, and both armed, as I think,
with horseman's pistols.

We all three proceeded to the house of Ebenezer
Fletcher in Indian Stream, and immediately before we
arrived there we were joined by Joseph Wiswell, Esq.,
and when we arrived at said Fletcher's we found there
Ephraim Aldrich, Oliver Washburn, and a son of said
Richard I. Blanchard, whose name I do not know,
being a lad about fourteen years of age, who had been
employed in alarming the neighborhood and requesting
them to turn out and rescue his father, and a number
of others whose names I do not now recollect. There
were about six of us who went from said Fletcher's,
and we proceeded about four or five miles to the house
of John Parker in Indian Stream, where we stopped and
consulted what was best to do. We then and there
concluded to send our arms back to said Ebenezer
Fletcher's, which we did, by Joseph Wiswell, Esq., who
took them all, assisted by two or three others who went

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 227

back with him. We then, viz., OHver Washburn, Eph-
raim Aldrich, John Harriman, Joseph P. Wiswell, Blan-
chard's young son before mentioned, and myself, went
on to the house of Barnard Young in Hereford, where
we found said Blanchard in the custody of said Young,
at his house taking dinner. The party at said Young's
who had the custody of said Blanchard consisted of
said Barnard Young, Zaccheus Clough, Zebulon Flan-
ders, a Mr. Prouty, whose Christian name I do not know,
David Smith, and several others whose names I do not
know, amounting in the whole to about twelve. We
concluded that we were not then strong enough to
rescue said Blanchard. After the party had finished
taking dinner, we asked and obtained liberty to speak
with said Blanchard, and then suggested to him that
if he had a mind to attempt his escape we would inter-
pose, and endeavor to prevent the Canadian party from
making pursuit after him; but he thought, as the Cana-
dian party was then so much the strongest, it would
be of no use to attempt an escape, for that it would be
fruitless, and so the idea was abandoned.

The party having Blanchard then proceeded on their
way, while we tarried behind feigning that we did not
intend to proceed any farther, though at the same time
we had determined to go around another way from the
one which they travelled, and intercept them before
they reached the house of one Alexander Rea, where
we understood from said party they were carrying said
Blanchard, provided we were fortunate enough to be
joined by a force from New Hampshire strong enough
to make our interference effectual. We were met be-
fore we got to Canaan Corner (which lay upon the rout
we were taking) by Ephraim H. Mahurin and Hiram
A. Fletcher, Esqs., who both joined our party, and soon
after by many more, and when we arrived at Canaan

228 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Corner I should judge there were nearly one hundred
men assembled, most of them armed, this being at the
store of Parmelee & Joy. There were about eight of
us who started from the store of Parmelee & Joy to go
after Blanchard, all on horseback and all armed. This
party consisted of Ephraim H. Mahurin, John Milton
Harvey, Joseph P. Wiswell, James Minor Hilliard,
Horatio Tuttle, Thomas B. Blodgett, Samuel Weeks,
Jr., and myself. There were many more who had started
and were close at hand, and others who had gone round
another way by the house of said Rea. When we came
up with the party who had said Blanchard in posses-
sion, James M. Hilliard rode up to them first, and I did
not hear precisely what he said, but understood at the
time that he demanded of them to give up Blanchard,
which they declined doing, we all then rode up and
commanded them to stand. This order was given by
Ephraim H. Mahurin or Horatio Tuttle, I cannot say
which. At this most of the party stopped, but some
of them appeared to be moving towards the woods,
when said Horatio Tuttle said, "Stand, or God damn
you I'll blow you through." They then all stopped,
and Mr. Mahurin dismounted and went among the
party for the purpose of inducing them by persuasion
to release Blanchard, which they declined doing, Mr.
Prouty keeping his arm locked in Blanchard's. After
some further conversation between the two parties we
demanded Blanchard, and they refusing to give him up,
Mr. Mahurin went up to him and told him to get on to
his horse, which he did, Prouty keeping his hold of
him till he put his foot in the stirrup to mount Mr.
Mahurin's horse, and then we all went off with said
Blanchard down to Canaan Corner in Vermont, at the
store of Parmelee & Joy. While we were at the store
of Parmelee & Joy in Canaan something was said by

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 229

some one about retaking from Canada one John H.
Tyler, who had previously been arrested by one William
Smith, a deputy sheriff of Coos county, and rescued
from him by some of the inhabitants of Indian Stream,
and for whose apprehension said Smith had offered a
reward of five dollars by advertisement, which adver-
tisement was then shown to me by said Smith. Eph-
raim C. Aldrich and myself then started for Canada,
having with us said advertisement, and honestly sup-
posing that we had an undoubted right to retake said
Tyler, such being the state of the facts, in any place
where we might find him. We had not at that time
the most remote idea of meddling with or molesting
Alexander Rea, or any other individual whomsoever
except said John H. Tyler. Said Tyler was one of the
party, as upon reflection I now remember, who had
said Blanchard in custody when we rescued him. When
we had got over the dividing line between the United
States and Canada, and about in sight of Alexander
Rea's house, we met John Parker coming from the
direction of said Rea's house towards Canaan Corner.
Said Parker stopped of his own accord and entered into
a conversation with said Aldrich, not the least force
being used or threatened by any one. While said Al-
drich and said Parker were thus peaceably talking, I
saw Alexander Rea coming towards us as fast as he
could come, hallooing and bellowing in the most boister-
ous manner imaginable, more like a madman enraged
than any reasonable being, commanding us to be off
the King's highway, and the next moment to be off his
grounds. Seeing him come upon us in this manner,
and accompanied by about twelve or fourteen men,
whom he was calling upon to make prisoners of Aldrich
and myself, I requested Elisha A. Tirrell, who had just
joined us, to ride back till he met others of our party

230 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

and ask them to come on. I then presented my pistol
to said Rea and told him to keep his proper distance,
for I should not be taken by him, for if he came any
nearer he should take the contents of my pistol. Said
Aldrich then spoke and said to Mr. Rea, "I should
advise you not to go any farther, for he may hurt you."
Rea then turned towards said Aldrich and ordered
Barnard Young to take said Aldrich's horse by the
bridle, and upon Young and Rea attempting to take
Aldrich he defended himself with his sword. Imme-
diately upon this Rea and the party with him com-
menced throwing stones as rapidly and as violently as
possible, two of which hit me with great force, when I
discharged the pistol which I had with me, and not
before, at the assailants. In firing my pistol I did not
aim at any one in particular, and did not think of hit-
ting any one, but I did it more for the purpose of fright-
ening them. About this time there were thirty or
forty more of the party which I left at Parmelee & Joy's
store came in sight, when said Rea and those with
him immediately took flight, Rea running for the woods
and Aldrich after him. When I came up with Aldrich
and Rea, Aldrich had Rea down, Aldrich having one
hand hold of the collar of Rea's coat, and one hand
hold of the hilt of his sword, and Rea having hold with
both his hands of the blade of Aldrich's sword, with
the point of it sticking into the ground, and Aldrich
was kicking Rea in the side. When I came up Rea
was saying "I surrender," and Aldrich replied, "Then,
God damn you, let go the sword and I will let you
alone." Dr. Tirrell at the same time came up and re-
marked to Aldrich, " He says he surrenders. Why don't
you let him get up.''" Aldrich again replied, "If he will
let go the sword I will," And Dr. Tirrell remarked to
Rea, "If you will let go the sword I will guarantee that

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 231

Aldrich will not hurt you," whereupon Rea let go the
sword, and Aldrich let him get up, and we took him and
put him into the wagon and carried him down to the
store of Parmelee & Joy in Vermont. While this skir-
mish was carried on I heard four or five guns fired,
one of which I fired, as before stated. Who fired the
others I cannot tell, for I do not know. I have heard
it was stated by said Alexander Rea and some others
that said Aldrich and myself stopped one or more peo-
ple in the road before he came up to us in the manner
before stated. I now, upon due reflection, solemnly
depose and say that we did not stop or attempt to stop
any one by word or deed, or threat of any kind, until
we were assaulted by Alexander Rea and the party
with him in the manner above stated.

Miles Hurlburt.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 5, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Ephraim C. Aldrich

I, Ephraim C. Aldrich of Indian Stream, depose and
say that about the 22d day of October, A. D. 1835, I
was informed that a party from Canada had been over
the line and taken Richard I. Blanchard, one of our
citizens, and were carrying him to Canada; upon this
I turned out for the purpose of rescuing him, as did
the inhabitants of this place and the neighboring towns
generally. I was not with the party who rescued said
Blanchard, having gone on the same purpose in another
direction. • After said Blanchard was rescued and
brought back to the store of Parmelee & Joy in
Canaan, Vermont, Miles Hurlburt and myself left said
store and started for Canada, for the purpose of retak-

232 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

ing one John H. Tyler, who had previously been arrested
by one William M. Smith, a deputy sheriff of Coos
county, and rescued from him by a mob at Indian
Stream. At the time we thus started after said Tyler
we had with us an advertisement of said Smith for said
Tyler, and we supposed we had an undoubted right to
retake said Tyler wherever we might find him. We
had not the most remote idea of taking Alexander Rea,
or any one else except said Tyler, nor in any way mo-
lesting or meddling with them. When we had got into
Canada, and were peaceably talking with one John
Parker, not having offered or threatened or intended
any violence, by action, word, or gesture, we were vio-
lently assaulted by said Alexander Rea in the manner
testified by Miles Hurlburt. Rea and Young both
came to me, took my horse by the bridle, and attempted
to make a prisoner of me. After commanding them to
let me alone and let go my horse, which they would not
do, I drew my sword and struck Young with it, and
immediately thereupon said Alexander Rea threw at
me a large stone weighing, as I should judge, eight or
ten pounds, which hit me on the head near my right
eye, and broke the bone at the corner of my eye.

It has been stated and sworn by said Alexander Rea
and some others, as I am informed, that said Hurlburt
and myself stopped some people in the road before said
Rea came up to us as aforesaid. I solemnly depose
and say that said statement, by whomsoever it is made,
is absolutely and totally false in every particular.
We stopped no one, nor did we attempt or intend to
stop any one, till we were assaulted by said Rea and
Young as aforesaid.

E. C. Aldrich.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 11, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 233

Deposition of James M. Hilliard

I, James M. Hilliard of Colebrook in the county of
Coos and state of New Hampshire, husbandman, de-
pose and say that sometime about the last of October,

A. D. 1835, Asa Parker of Indian Stream Settlement
came to my house and informed me that Richard I.
Blanchard of said Indian Stream Settlement had that
morning been taken from his house by some people
from Canada, and that they were then conveying him,
said Blanchard, to Sherbrooke in said Canada, and that
he wanted me to go and help release said Blanchard.
I at first declined, but after he left I concluded to go,
got my horse, and started in company with Samuel
Weeks, Jr., of said Colebrook, Horatio Tuttle of said
Colebrook, and Luther Parker of Indian Stream. After
proceeding about two miles we were joined by Thomas

B. Blodgett and Thomas Piper, both of Stewartstown
in said county of Coos. We all proceeded together to
Canaan in Vermont, to the store of Parmelee & Joy,
where we tarried a short time, and said Thomas B.
Blodgett rode on towards Indian Stream, and in a few
minutes returned in company with John M. Harvey,
and told us that the Canadians had Blanchard in their
custody, and were to pass over Hereford hill about
two miles distant from the store where we then were,
and that we should probably meet them at the hill
if we rode there immediately. Said Blodgett rode by
towards Hereford hill without making any stop at the
store, and called upon us to follow him, and myself,
said Samuel Weeks, Jr., Thomas Piper, Horatio Tuttle,
and Ephraim H. Mahurin followed after said Blodgett.
When we came up with the party who had possession
of said Blanchard I was in advance of the party a few
rods, and rode up to those who had the custody of said
Blanchard, and asked them if thev had not got Blan-

234 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

chard, our sheriff; one of the party answered that they
had, they had a warrant against him as one of the King's
subjects. I answered that that was not the case, he
was a citizen of this state, and that they had no right
with him. They rephed that he was taken by them
on the soil of Canada. To which they were answered
that he was taken from our state, that he was one of
our officers, that they had nothing to do with him, and
they must give him up. They repKed that they should
not give him up. I told them he must be given up
peaceably or we should take him. Ephraim H. Mahu-
rin then told them that we did not wish for any diffi-
culty or disturbance, but we must have their prisoner,
and thereupon dismounted and went along to Blan-
chard, took hold of him, and told him to get on to his
(Mahurin's) horse, at the same time leading him along
to his horse, the Canadians holding on to him till he
got to the horse, when they let go their hold, and Blan-
chard mounted the horse and rode off. Our party had
previously been joined by Miles Hurlburt and Joseph
P. Wis well, but Luther Parker had not gone with us
farther than the store of Parmelee & Joy. This was
all the violence that was offered or threatened to any of
the party who had the custody of Blanchard, except
some threats made use of by one Horatio Tuttle, which
were promptly discountenanced by said E. H. Mahurin
and myself, the remainder of the party saying nothing.
We then returned to the store of Parmelee & Joy with
said Blanchard. After we had been at the store of
said Parmelee & Joy about an hour or an hour and a
half, it was proposed by some one to go over on to the
Canadian side and take one Tyler, who had previously
been arrested by one William M. Smith, a deputy sheriff
of Coos county, and had made his escape into Canada,
a reward having been offered for his apprehension by

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 235

said William M. Smith by advertisement. To this
proposition I replied that they had better not go, Mr.
Mahurin having left the store for his home previously,
and I tried all I could to persuade them not to go, but
they went, and after having been absent about an hour
they returned bringing with them, not said Tyler, but
one Alexander Rea. There were none who went on this
last expedition after Tyler, and returned with Rea,
that were with us when we took Blanehard, except
Miles Hurlburt and Joseph P. Wiswell, I further de-
pose and say that I never heard Rea's name mentioned
in connection with this party going into Canada till
after they returned with him in their possession, Tyler
being, as I understood, the sole object of pursuit.

James M. Hilliard.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 1, 1836.
Then said James M. Hilliard personally appeared
and made oath that the above deposition, by him sub-
scribed, is true. Before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Josiah Parmelee

I, Josiah Parmelee of Canaan in the county of Essex
and state of Vermont, depose and say that some time
in October, A. D. 1835, there was a large party assem-
bled in my store in said Canaan, who had, as I under-
stood, been over to Canada and rescued one Richard I.
Blanehard from the Canadians, who had taken him
from Indian Stream. After they had been here some
time it was proposed by some one to go and retake one
John H. Tyler from Canada, who had previously been
arrested by one Wilham Smith, a deputy sheriff of Coos
county, and rescued from said Smith by some of the

236 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

inhabitants of Canada or Indian stream. I understood
that said Smith had offered a reward of five dollars for
the apprehension of said Tyler. Accordingly said
party started. I further depose and say that the name
of Alexander Rea, or of any other individual except said
John H. Tyler, was not mentioned by any one till after
they returned, having said Alexander Rea in custody,
said Tyler being the sole object of their pursuit. I
made no offer of any reward for the taking of said Rea,
nor did I hear any one else offer any reward for him,
nor did I hear his name mentioned till after said Rea
was brought here.

I further depose and say that I am well acquainted
with Alexander James McKinnon of said Canaan, tailor,
and that his reputation for truth is notoriously bad.

JosiAH Parmelee.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 4, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of James Mooney

I, James Mooney of Stewartstown in the county of
Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose and say
that in the year 1835 I was captain of the sixth com-
pany of the 24th regiment of militia, and continued to
hold said office till June of the present year, and had
command of the detachment of said regiment stationed
at Indian Stream Territory in November, 1835, which
detachment there continued till February 18, 1836.
On the twenty-first day of October, A. D. 1835, Clark
J. Haynes came to my house and notified me that a
mob from Canada had been over the line and had taken
Richard I. Blanchard, a deputy sheriff of said county

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 237

of Coos, and were then carrying him to Canada, and
that said Blanchard wanted me to raise a force and
rescue him.

I asked said Haynes if he knew the number of those
who had Blanchard. He repHed he did not. I then
told said Haynes that I was not the proper authority
to apply to, but as Col. Young, commander of the regi-
ment was absent, and the Lieut.-Col. was fifty or sixty
miles distant, I would raise what force I could, and risk
the responsibility of rescuing said Blanchard. The
news of the abduction of said Blanchard excited very
general indignation through the neighborhood, and I
sent word to those residing in my neighborhood to turn
out; said Haynes went on to Colebrook to notify the
inhabitants there, and request them to turn out. There
was accordingly a very general turn-out, and a
strong determination expressed to rescue said Blan-
chard at every hazard. I was not present when said
Blanchard was rescued, but I first saw him at the store
of Parmelee & Joy in Canaan, Vermont, or that imme-
diate vicinity. After we had been some time at said
store there was some talk about going into Canada
again, and retaking one John H. Tyler, who was said to
have been previously arrested by one William M. Smith,
a deputy sheriff of said county of Coos, and rescued
from him by a mob from Indian Stream. There was
also DB. advertisement of said Smith shown at the time,
offering a reward of five dollars for the apprehension of
said Tyler. Accordingly different parties left the said
store, and went to Canada after said Tyler. There was
no other object that I heard, or thought of, named by
any of those who then went into Canada except the
apprehension of said Tyler. The idea of taking Alex-
ander Rea, or any one else except said Tyler, was not,
to my knowledge, suggested or thought of. I was not

238 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

with the party that took said Rea, but when I arrived
there I saw him travelling as fast as he well could
towards the woods, and Ephraim C. Aldrich pursued
him. He was brought from the woods and put into
a wagon, and brought down to Canaan Corner in Ver-
mont. I was not at this time in the employ of the
state, nor in the exercise of any military command.

The only times when I ever exercised any military
command in my life, except at our annual company
trainings and regimental musters, were from the 4th to
the 6th of Aug., A. D. 1835, both inclusive, having been
ordered to rendezvous with my company at Stewarts-
town for the purpose of rendering to John H. White,
Esq., sheriff of said county, such assistance as might be
necessary to enable him to serve process in Indian
Stream Territory, our officers having been of late re-
sisted there, and more serious resistance having been
threatened after the interference of Alexander Rea.
The other occasion subsequent to the abduction of said
Blanchard, and also subsequent to the time said Rea
was brought to Vermont in the manner above related,
when I was stationed at said Indian Stream in command
of a detachment of the 24th N. H. militia, as before
stated. I have lived in Stewartstown about fifteen
years, and never knew or heard of any other authority
claiming to have jurisdiction over Indian Stream Terri-
tory except the state of N. H., till after I understood
that some time in the year 1835 one Alexander Rea had
been claiming the territory as belonging to Lower
Canada.

James Mooney.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 8, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

THE INDIAN STREAM KEPUBLIC 239

Deposition of James M. Jewett

I, James M. Jewett of Colebrook in the county of
Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose and say that
sometime in October, 1835, information was given at
Colebrook that Richard I. Blanchard, deputy sheriff
for Coos county, had been taken by a party from
Canada, and they were conveying him to Sherbrooke.
On receiving this information I started with a number of
individuals, armed, Hiram A. Fletcher, Esq., being one
of them, to go and rescue said Blanchard. On arriving
at Canaan, Vt., a number of persons had arrived for the
same purpose, and more were coming in every moment.
They were all indignant at the outrage, and expressed
a determination to retake Blanchard if they had to
pursue him to Sherbrooke. I did not go from Canaan
with the party, but remained there until they returned
with Blanchard, at which time a great number of people
had arrived, and more were coming in.

Some of the party that rescued Blanchard, on their
return, saw William M. Smith, and told him if he had
been with them he might have retaken his prisoner,
Tyler. I had understood that said Smith had some
time before arrested said Tyler at Indian Stream, and
he had been rescued out of his custody. Smith in
answer said, if any one would take and bring said Tyler
to him he would give five dollars. I was informed that
an advertisement was made by said Smith for said Tyler,
and a party started after Tyler.

I did not hear any one offer anything as a reward for
bringing Alex. Rea from Canada, nor did I hear any
person mention any wish or intention to go after said
Rea, nor do I believe that any of the party thought of
it. I did not hear his name mentioned in connection
with the party going after Tyler, but the sole object
that I heard mentioned, or that I thought of, was their
going after said Tyler.

240 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

When the party returned, having said Rea in custody,
great surprise and regret was expressed by the people
there that said Rea had been taken and brought there,
knowing that they had no right so to do; and Hiram A.
Fletcher, with whom I was in company, on being applied
to to make out some papers to detain said Rea, declin-
ing having anything to do with it, told them they had
done wrong, had gone too far, and that they had no
right to take Rea or detain him, and they had better
get out of the scrape the best they could; soon after
which said Fletcher and myself left for home.

James M. Jewett.

Coos, ss. August 5, 1836. Personally appearing
James M. Jewett and made solemn oath that the fore-
going deposition, by him signed, is true. Before me,
Ira Young, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Hiram A. Fletcher

I, Hiram A. Fletcher of Colebrook in the county of
Coos and state of New Hampshire, counsellor-at-law,
depose and say that sometime in the latter part of
October, A. D. 1835, one Clark J. Haynes of Indian
Stream came to Colebrook, where I then and now reside,
and informed that Richard I. Blanchard of Indian
Stream, a deputy sheriff, had been arrested on a bench
warrant, or a warrant issued by Alexander Rea of Here-
ford in the province of Lower Canada, Esquire, and
that the officer and his assistants were taking him to
Sherbrooke, or some other place in the province, for trial,
for having received the appointment of, and assuming
to act as a deputy sheriff at Indian Stream, under John
H. White, Esquire, sheriff of said county of Coos.

Said Haynes told me and others that notice had been

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 241

given in Clarksville and Stewartstown of the arrest of
said Blanchard, and that a great many had gone to
rescue him, and that his object in coming to Colebrook
was to give this information.

I used my endeavors to raise a party to join in the
pursuit. Ephraim H. Mahurin, Esq., Milton Harvey, a
deputy sheriff, James M. Jewett, Horatio Tuttle, and I
immediately started off. We were all armed and sup-
plied with ammunition. Said Mahurin carried a
double-barrelled gun, Harvey a horse pistol, Jewett a
brace of pistols, Tuttle a musket and bayonet, and I a
rifle. We went up the river road through Stewarts-
town, crossed the bridge near Canaan Corner, Vermont,
and then took the road leading to Indian Stream, sup-
posing that by so doing we should meet the party
having Blanchard in custody before they could get over
Canada line with him; but after we had got on about
half a mile we met a number of men from Clarksville
and Indian Stream, most or all of them on foot, without
fire-arms, running very fast, who informed us that they
had come up with Blanchard, but could not rescue him,
as the party having him in custody was about their
number and armed; that they had crossed Hall's Stream
with him, and were proceeding on towards Esquire
Rea's as fast as possible; and that the only way he could
be retaken would be by going back to Canaan Corner,
and taking a road which intersects with the road they
would travel in going from Hall's Stream to Mr. Rea's,
and meet them on the road. We all returned to Can-
aan, and there we divided, a part of those on foot and
in carriages went up the road leading from Canaan to
Canada, and those mounted went north in an old road
or path which intersects with the said road leading from
Hall's Stream to said Rea's. It was at or near this
place that Blanchard was taken, as I am informed, but

242 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

I was not of the party that took him. I came up with
this party that retook Blanehard before they had re-
turned to Canaan Corner; but on which side of Canada
Hne it was that I joined them I neither know nor care.

When we got back to Canaan Corner there were a
great many people assembled from Colebrook, Stewarts-
town, Clarksville, and Indian Stream, and a great many
more arrived there soon afterwards. Many of them
were armed and equipped like the New Hampshire
militia. So far as I could judge there was a general
rejoicing that Blanehard had been retaken. I heard
someone say to William M. Smith, then a deputy
sheriff of Coos county, that if he had been with the
partjT^ that rescued Blanehard he could have recaptured
his former prisoner, John H. Tyler, who had been
arrested a short time before by said Smith' at Indian
Stream, and was rescued. Smith said he should like to
get him if he could without exposing himself, or some-
thing to that effect. I think he then offered a specific
reward for him, but do not now recollect the amount.

It was suggested that the officer who had suffered
Blanehard to be rescued, and his whole party, John H.
Tyler among the rest, had gone to Esq. Ilea's to con-
dole with that functionary on the solemn occasion. I
was then called to supper, and whilst I was at the table
Joseph Wiswell of Clarksville, Esquire, came into the
room, and said some individuals were going after John
H. Tyler, and desired me to write an advertisement for
said Smith, offering a reward. I told him I came away
from home before dinner and was a meal behind hand,
and could not then stop to write one, but stated to him
what I thought was necessary to set forth in the adver-
tisement, and he said that would do; he could write it.
After supper I went out and shot at a mark with Gideon
Tirrell, Esq., James M. Hilliard, and others. I should

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 243

think we were engaged in this amusement about an
hour; it was then so dark we could not well see, and for
that reason quit. While engaged in firing at a mark
I heard the report of guns in the direction of Mr. Rea's,
but I then thought they could not be so far off, as the
distance is about a mile and a half. I supposed they
were discharged to prevent those accidents that might
happen in carrying them home loaded, as many of the
guns had been discharged after retaking Blanchard, to
avoid such an event. Some time after we had done
shooting at the mark I heard some one hallooing up
the road towards IVIr. Rea's. I went to the corner of
Mr. Parmelee's store, and saw two or three wagons
coming down the road very fast, filled with men. I
supposed they had got John H. Tyler, as I heard them
say "We have got him." I might have shouted "Hur-
rah for Jackson," as Mr. Rea states in his deposition.
I think I did, but I am confident I did not add, as he
states in his deposition, "Here is old Rea — we have got
the d — d old rascal," as I did not distinguish any person
suflSciently to recognise them till the wagon in which
Mr. Rea was passed me. It was well nigh nightfall at
the time, and had it been never so light I could not dis-
tinguish him from others in the wagon at the distance
they were off at the time above mentioned, as I am very
near-sighted.

When I found that Mr. Rea was captured, instead of
Tyler, I went towards the stables for my horse, and a
number of persons followed after me, but who they were
I cannot positively state, and said something must be
done with Rea, and requested that I should make out
some precept, or advise to some course that would hold
him to answer for his conduct in regard to the Indian
Stream diflBculty. I told them all that I could not do
anything of the kind, although in my judgment Mr.

244 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

Rea had acted more like a judicial monster than like
one of His Majesty's justices and conservators of the
peace in all his doings, so far as respected the arrest and
examination of one Luther Parker, Esq., for an alleged
offence mentioned in said deposition of said Rea, and
also in respect to the arrest of said Richard I. Blanchard,
and advised them to dress his wounds, wash him up, and
send him home. I told them they had no right to take
him anywhere, even in New Hampshire, much less to
seize him in Canada and transport him over the line.
It was admitted by all the bystanders that the capture
of Rea might be illegal, but they assigned, as a reason for
so doing, that, in attempting to take Tyler, Rea and his
party resisted, and pelted them with stones, and in self
defence they took Rea as a kind of prisoner. I came
away from Mr. Parmelee's directly after, and did not
see Mr. Rea that night. I did not hear anyone say or
intimate, nor did it enter my mind, that this party that
went over the line and took Rea were going or had gone
to take him, but I did hear it said again and again that
they were going to take John H. Tyler, for whom a re-
ward had been offered by said Smith as above men-
tioned.

Hiram A. Fletcher.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 3, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Archelaus Cummings^ Jr.

I, Archelaus Cummings, Jr., of Canaan in the county
of Essex and state of Vermont, depose and say that
some time in October last past I went from the house

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 245

of my father, where I reside, in Canaan to the store
of Parmelee & Joy in said Canaan, the distance of
about 3-4ths of a mile, having understood that a
party, principally from New Hampshire, had been into
Canada and rescued one Richard I. Blanchard, who
had been taken from Indian Stream by some Canadian
people. After I arrived at said store I found that said
Blanchard had been rescued, as I had previously
heard. After I had been at said store some time I
heard a proposition made by someone to go over the
Canadp line and retake one John H. Tyler, who, it was
said, had been arrested by one William Smith, a deputy
sheriff of the county of Coos in the state of New
Hampshire, and who was said to hpve been advertised
by said Smith.

I offered no reward for the apprehension of Alexander
Rea, nor did I hear any other person offer any reward
for the apprehension of said Rea, nor of any other per-
son except said John H. Tyler, nor was the name of
any other person mentioned by anyone as the object
of pursuit in crossing the line into Canada, except
said John H. Tyler. I saw Capt. James Mooney, one
of the party who started after Tyler, and he told me at
the time that John H. Tyler was the person whom they
were going after, and that some Esquire, whose name
I do not recollect, had advised them that they had a
right so to do.

I further depose and say that I have for about a
year been acquainted with the reputation of Alexander
James McKinnon of this town, and he is generally
called a man whose word is not at all to be relied on.
His reputation for truth is not good.

After the pacty started from the store of said Par-
melee & Joy for Canada I saw said Capt. James
Mooney hand someone a paper, which I understood

246 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

at the time was said Smith's advertisement for said
John H. Tyler.

Arch. Cummings, Jr.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 4, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Joseph Wiswell

I, Joseph Wiswell of Clarksville in the county of
Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose and say
that I have been a justice of the peace for this county
about six years, and have lived in this town twenty
years, and have been well acquainted with Indian
Stream and its inhabitants for most of the time, and
never knew or heard of any other government than
the state of New Hampshire exercising or claiming to
exercise any jurisdiction there till the interference
of one Alexander Rea in June, 1834, who then claimed
that the territory belonged to the province of Lower
Canada. Some time in the month of October last
Clark J. Haynes of Indian Stream came to my house
in Clarksville, and informed me that a mob had been
over from Canada, and had taken one Richard I.
Blanchard, one of our citizens, and were then carrying
him to Canada, and he wished the neighborhood to
turn out and rescue him. Soon after, the same report
and request was made by Luther Parker. I accord-
ingly started for Indian Stream, with the intention of
rescuing said Blanchard, and just as I arrived at the
house of Ebenezer Fletcher in Indian Stream, I over-
took Miles Hurlburt, John Harriman, and several
others. We left said Fletcher's together, and just as
we arrived at the house of John Parker, situate on

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 247

the easterly side of Hall's Stream, we concluded that
the party who had Blanchard in possession would pass
Hall's Stream before we could overtake them, and,
as we did not wish to go into Canada armed, it was
concluded to send back the arms. Accordingly I took
the arms to carry back, accompanied by two or three
others, and on our way back I saw Emor Applebee,
who, I understood, was one of those who had been
concerned in the abduction of said Blanchard, and he
was requested to surrender himself, which he refused
to do, and, being armed with a musket, he stated that
he should not be taken alive, we had better not come
any nearer. We, that is to say those that started from
John Parker's with the arms, proceeded to Canaan
Corner, Vermont, and, when we arrived there, found
that the party who had gone in pursuit of those who
had Blanchard had returned to Canaan, having rescued
said Blanchard, and brought him back with them. I
was there when the party started after Tyler from the
store of Parmelee & Joy, and I did not hear Rea's name
mentioned at all in connection with their expedition to
Canada. After this party had gone to Canada after
said Tyler, I went up to the house of Judge Cummings
in said Canaan, situated between the house of said
Alexander Rea, in Hereford, and the store of Parmelee &
Joy, and a few minutes afterwards my son, Joseph P.
Wiswell, came up there also, where we remained and
took supper, and were there when the party having
said Rea in custody returned to Canaan, Vermont, so
that I am enabled to state positivel}'^ that neither
my said son, Joseph P. Wiswell, nor myself had any
part in the taking of said Rea, or conveying him to
Canaan, Vermont. The inhabitants of Indian Stream,
whenever they have destroyed any wild animals for
which a bounty is given by the laws of the state of

248 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

New Hampshire, have, so far as my knowledge ex-
tends, uniformly applied for said bounty here, and ob-
tained it. I have frequently joined the inhabitants
in marriage, and never knew them to resort to Canada
for the purpose of being married, or anyone deriving
his authority from the church or civil authority of Can-
ada to solemnize marriages among them.

Joseph Wiswell.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 9, 1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Ephraim H. Mahurin

I, Ephraim H. Mahurin of Columbia in the county
of Coos in the state of New Hampshire, depose and
say that about the 22d of October last, being at Cole-
brook, an express arrived from the Indian Stream
Settlement, so called, giving information that a party
from Hereford, L. C, had taken Mr. Blanchard, a
deputy sheriff of this county, and were conveying him
to Sherbrooke. I started with several others, and went
for the purpose of retaking him, and on Hereford hill,
so called, we met some twelve or more persons leading
said Blanchard towards Mr. Rea's house in Hereford,
and on meeting them one of our company, I think.,
commanded them to stop, and used some decisive
language, which was promptly disapproved by Mr.
Hilliard and myself, and we informed the party who
had Blanchard in custody that we wished to have no
difficulty with them, that it evidently arose from the
circumstance that the boundary line was not fully
settled between the two governments, and that, as the
state of New Hampshire had for a long time claimed

THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC 249

and exercised jurisdiction over that tract, and the
claims of actual jurisdiction by the province being
very recent, and, as we believed, originating with the
aforesaid Rea, we felt it to be our duty to retake
Blanchard, and to protect the officers of said settlement
from arrest by officers from the province, and that we
should take liim at all hazards, but wished to do it with-
out any trouble or hard words with them. I then
dismounted, and told Blanchard to get on my horse; and,
he at first appearing to hesitate, I repeated the direc-
tion, when he stepped towards the horse, with a man
hold of each arm, but when he got to the horse they
let go, and he mounted and rode to Canaan, Vt. Con-
siderable abusive language was used towards us by two
persons of the party, Mr. Blood and Mr. Beecher, but
we told them they might say what they thought fit, as
we should not be led into a quarrel with them, but
should let King William and Gen. Jackson decide the
matter, and we then left them, and after a stop of about
fifteen minutes at Parmelee's store I went directly home
to Columbia, a distance of twenty miles from Hereford;
and I never heard of the affair at Mr. Rea's until a day
or two after.

I acted under no orders from any one in the part I
acted, and no one that I know of claimed any authority
over another.

I have known of no " occasional acts of jurisdiction "
exercised by the provincial government until the arrest
of Luther Parker, and, from the best information I
have, these "acts" owe their origin and support to a
few outlaws at Indian Stream, encouraged by said
Rea.

I have always understood that said tract was claimed
by this state, by a survey made by Jeremiah Eames, Jr.,
Esq., more than forty years since, and more than thirty

250 THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC

years ago process from the courts of this state was served
on Richard Smart, who resided on said tract, and his
property attached.

Ephraim H. Mahurin.

Coos, ss. August 9th, 1836. Personally appearing
Ephraim H. Mahurin, and made solemn oath that the
foregoing deposition, by him subscribed, is true. Before
me,

Ira Young, Justice of the Peace.

Deposition of Benjamin Applebee

I, Benjamin Applebee of Indian Stream in the
county of Coos and state of New Hampshire, depose
and say that I have lived at this place seventeen
years. I am a son of Emor Applebee, now in jail at
Lancaster, and was arrested last winter by Col. John
H. White, and was carried to Lancaster and detained
at Lancaster six months and three days for resisting
a deputy sheriff of Coos county in the service of proc-
ess. I further depose and say I never should have
thought of resisting the officers of New Hampshire
had I not been advised so to do, and assured I should
be protected in so doing by the government of Canada,
by Alexander Rea of Hereford, Lower Canada.

Benjamin Applebee.

State of New Hampshire, Coos, ss. August 11,
1836.
Sworn to before me,

John P. Hale, Justice of the Peace.

INDEX

NAMES OF PERSONS AND PLACES

Abbott, Elisha 26

James 79, 81

Albany, N. Y 6

Aldrich, Edgar 19, 20

Ephraim C 26, 38, 100, 104-106

180, 181, 186, 213, 226, 227, 229-232, 238

Ammonoosuc River, Great 11, 20

Androscoggin River 169, 188-191, 194, 196

Applebee, Benjamin 88, 186, 250

Emor 25, 68, 98, 103, 108, 186, 221, 247, 250

Levi 88

Babcock, 137, 143-146

Back Lake 26, 193

Back Lake Brook 21, 29, 45, 46, 97

Badger, William , 102, 109, 174, 175, 178, 185, 188

Bagley, Mary 133

Baker, 126

Baldwin, 7

Bancroft, Anna 5

Bankhead, Charles 109, 178, 179

Barnes, Daniel 17, 34

Peter 26, 63, 68, 75

Barnett, David 13, 18, 33

Barstow,. Samuel H 118-120

William A 121, 122

Bartholomew, . " '. 144, 145

Bartlett, N. H 12, 21

Batchelder, Herman 48, 55, 56, 68, 70-74

Simeon 5

Bath, N. H 219

Bean, Nathaniel 16, 23

Nathaniel, Jr 16, 23

Sinclair 16, 23

254 INDEX

Bedel, Moody 11, 12, 18, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 31, 33

Timothy 23, 31

Bedel's Grant 8, 31, 32, 48

Bedel's and Associates' Grant 8, 32

Bedel's and Others' Grant 8, 18, 30, 32-34

Beecher, 249

Marcus 91

Nathan 13

Bell, John. 188

Bennett, Abel 33

Bethlehem, N. H 27, 43

Bigelow, Doctor 136-139, 147

Blanchard, Richard 1 25, 68, 75, 76, 80, 89-91

103-107, 171-174, 180, 184, 187
208, 212, 220, 222-229, 231, 233-249

Blodgett, Thomas B 105, 183, 187, 228, 233

Blood, 249

Burleigh 26, 48, 49, 68, 69, 75, 79, 80, 89-91

Seth 25,27,45

Blott, Mary 131

Booth, 133

Boston, Mass 3

Bovial, James 157

Bowe, Augusta 132, 133, 137, 150, 151

Bowen, Ira C 27, 68

Boynton, J. T .* 25, 26

Bradford, Vt '. . . 17, 25

Braintree, Mass 7

Brattleborough, Vt 41

Brigham, Thomas 16, 23

Brockway, Rufus 25-27, 79, 81, 198, 199, 202, 215, 216

Brookfield, Wis 121, 161

Browne, Elizabeth 4

Brunswick, Vt 6, 7, 112

Buckminster, William 103, 220

INDEX '■2o5

Buffalo, N.Y 113

Bunnell, George W 27, 68

Burrill, 94,223

Burritt, 144, 147

Button, Jedidiah ^'^

Camp, Rev. 132, 133

Campbell, R. A 151

Canaan, Vt 10, 14, 21, 28, 105, 107, 173, 181, 198

208, 213, 222-225, 227-229, 231, 233
235-239, 241, 242, 244, 245, 247, 249

Canright, Charles S 152

Carleton, Dudley 13, 18, 33

JohnB 18

Carlisle, 198-200, 205

Carlisle Grant, N. H HI

Carr, Enoch 25, 27, 68, 75, 80

Jesse 205,206

C^stleman, A. L 121

Champlain, Lake •" • • • 113

Charlestown, N. H 10, 13, 23

Chipman, Judge 198

Clark, 133, 137, 139-143, 146-148, 155

John 146

Juha 138

Clarksville, N. H 99, 100, 104, 108, 110, 112

185, 207, 211, 241, 242, 246

Clifton River 191

Clough, Zaccheus. . . .26, 37, 68, 104, 213, 224, 225, 227

Coates, Goodrich 79, 81

Cobb, 149

Ellen Parker 161

Emma 137

Euchd Nathan 158

Nathan 135-138, 158

256 INDEX

Cobb, William 134-138

Virgil 145

Cogswell, John 34

Colbiirn, Augusta H 134, 143, 153, 157

Cole, 144

Betsey 147

Clara 145

Colebrook, N. H. . . 6, 17, 24, 94, 99, 100, 102-105, 185

193, 196, 202, 203, 205, 215, 217-219

223, 226, 233, 237, 239-242, 248

Colebrook Academy Grant, N. H Ill

Columbia, N. H 17, 190, 248, 249

Compton, Canada 183

Comstock, John 23

Concord, N. H. 100

Concord (Lisbon), N. H 13, 22

Connecticut Lake 8-11, 26, 27, 40, 42, 57, 190

193, 194, 197, 198, 200, 203

Connecticut River . . 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28

32, 46, 52, 57, 94, 98, 114, 168, 169, 171, 185, 189

190, 192, 194, 198, 200, 201, 204, 205, 218, 220

Conway, N. H 12, 21

Cook, Britton 26

Coon, Benjamin 68

Cram, 143, 144, 203, 204

J 193

Crockett, 133

Cummings, Alanson 26, 68, 79, 80, 88-92, 103, 221

Archelaus 25, 26, 38

Archelaus, Jr 244, 246

Judge 247

Currier, Anna 13, 22

Anna W 23

Phoebe 13, 22, 23

Sargent 88

INDEX 257

Cutler, Theophiliis 204

Cutts, Thomas 12, 18, 33

Danforth, Samuel 25, 80, 81, 210

Samuel, 2d 27

Simon 49, 75, 79-81

Danville, Vt 103, 220

Davis, Justice B 27, 51

Moses 34

Davis Village, N. H 127

Dead Water 32

Detroit, Mich 113

Dewey, 139, 146

Dodge, Henry 118

Samuel 4

Dorchester, Mass 7

Doyle, 134

Drayton, Canada 180-183

Drought, 150, 152

Henry 151

Drown, Samuel 68, 92, 209

Eames, Emma 5

Jeremiah 10, 17, 52, 188, 189, 191

194, 198, 199, 201-204, 249

Thomas 20, 207

Eastman, Jonathan 34

Eaton, David 25, 26, 68, 75

Edgerton, E. W 122

Ellarson, 139, 141, 144, 147

ElHott, 133, 147

Ellsworth, Doctor 150

Juha 137, 138, 145

Elmore, Andrew E 121, 123, 125

Emery, Enoch 12, 21, 33

Enos, Elihu 126, 132, 133

258 INDEX

Farruington, Me 86

Fessenden, William 68

Fields, 114

Finch, Nancy ; 151

Finley, 132

John 123

First Connecticut Lake 40

Flanders, 212, 213

Zebulon 25, 45, 104, 212, 224, 225, 227

Fletcher, Benjamin 27, 45

Ebenezer 13, 23, 27, 34, 45, 46, 63, 68, 94, 104

108, 186, 204, 206, 207, 218, 226, 246

Hiram A 227, 239, 240, 244

Kimball B. . 80, 99

Noah 25

Fletcher's Mills 96, 97, 99, 104, 108

Fond du Lac, Wis 152

Forsyth, John 95, 176-179'

Foster, Sarah 5

Fowler, Caroline 136, 137

Franconia, N. H 27

Franklin, Wis. 115

French, Alletta, 6, 7, 41, 42

Alvin G 7, 112, 113

Eunice . 113

John 7

Jonathan 26, 49, 68

Mattie 7

Nathaniel 68

Thomas Giles 6, 7, 113, 114

Fryeburg, Me 204

Fuller, Luther 10, 94, 202, 203, 205

Margaret 135

Gage, Royal 16, 23, 25, 30

Gage Brook 25, 33

INDEX 259

Genesee. Wis 118, 121. 132

George, Jeremy 25, 48, 68, 75

Getchell, Ebenezer 26, 68

Silas 26

Gibbs, David 11, 12, 14, 18, 20-22, 24, 31, 33

Goffe, 138

Goodman, Susan G 128

Goodwin, Elizabeth 5

Gosford, Earl 103, 109, 165, 167. 168

171, 178, 179, 183, 214

Gove, 13S

Grant, Sanford 131

Graves, 147

Great Ammonoosue River 1 1 , 20

Greeley, Matthew 31

Green,' 138, 152

George 135, 154

Gmldha]l,Vt 217

Guile. E 158

Hale, 117, 141, 151

Hiram 135

John P 109, 125, 175, 188, 193, 199, 202

205-210, 212, 2i3, 215, 217, 218, 220, 222
225, 231, 232, 235, 236, 238, 244, 246, 248, 250

L 138

Hall's River 168

Hall's Stream . .8-10, 52-54, 57, 67, 96, 99, 105, 111, 171
185, 189, 191-193, 198, 200-204, 207, 212, 241, 247

Hammond, 138

Harnden, John 5

Harriman, John 104, 210, 212, 213, 226, 227, 246

Harris, Daniel 26

Hartland, Wis 127, 139, 144, 149, 152, 154

Hartwell, Jonathan 26, 38, 49, 68, 76, 80

Rufus 6a

260 INDEX

Harvey, John Milton 94, 102, 103, 105, 171, 172

180, 2£1, 223, 224, 228, 233, 241

Haverhill, N. H 10,11

Hawkins, 131, 139, 154

Hay, John 151

Hayne, Captain 184, 187

Haynes, Anna 7

Clark J 24, 27, 45, 48, 49, 68, 69, 102, 104

208, 215, 226, 236, 237, 240, 246

Daniel 23

Experience 7

John 14, 16, 17, 23-27, 31-34, 36,

45, 48, 49, 68, 69, 75-78, 81-86

John Langdon 25, 26, 68

Moody 94, 219

Ross C. 49, 68,75

Timothy N 68, 75

Heath, Daniel 34

Edmund 49

James 16, 17, 24, 25, 33

Hemingway, Stephen F 23

Hereford, Lower Canada . . .16, 17, 21, 24, 40, 54, 67, 96

103, 105, 180, 181, 183, 184, 186, 200

206, 21]., 212, 227, 233, 240, 247-250

Hibbard, 146

Higgins, Samuel 26

Winslow 17

Hill, 136, 151

David 14

Isaac 176, 177

Thomas .' 16, 23

Hilliard, James Minor .... 105, 187, 190, 194-197, 228

233, 235, 242, 248

John M 105

Hoit, Colonel 194, 203, 204

INDEX 261

HoUister, 132, 133

Holt, Abiel 25-27, 38, 40, 42, 45

Homan, John 22

Howard, 155

Huggins, Samuel 79-81

Hughes, John 198, 199

Hunkins, 121

Hurlburt, Miles .... 104, 106, 107, 180, 181, 187, 213

226, 231, 232, 234, 235, 246

Hutchins, x^lpheus 26

Sylvester 26

Hyland, Abner .... 17, 24, 25, 32, 33, 48, 68, 79, 218

Deborah 209

WilHam 24

Indian Grant 8

Indian Stream 7-14, 16-19

21-30, 35-38, 40-46, 48, 50, 51, 53-55, 57
58, 60-64, 66, 68, 69, 71-73, 76, 77, 81-86
88-91, 93-97, 99-105, 107-112, 115, 117, 128
163, 165, 167, 169, 176, 177, 184-193, 195, 197
199, 200, 203, 205-210, 213, 214, 218-220, 224
226, 229, 231-233, 235-243, 245-247, 249, 250
Indian Stream Settlement . . 8, 108, 174, 180, 183, 185

186, 199, 211, 223, 233, 248

Indian Stream Territory 8, 10, 25, 27, 45, 48

55, 58, 60, 65, 94, 168, 184, 188, 194, 202, 204
205, 209, 211, 212, 215, 217, 218, 223, 236, 238

Indian Village 8,9

Ives, 135, 148, 150, 151, 153

Robert 136, 138, 139, 152

Jennings, 156

Doctor 155, 158

Isaac 155

Wallace 155, 157, 158

262 INDEX

Jewett, James M 239-241

Johnson, 139, 140, 142-144, 148, 152

David 79,80

Esther 133

Salhe 141, 143

Jones, Joseph . 23

Judd, Aaron 68

Nathan. . 13, 23, 24, 49, 55, 56, 68-70, 72-76, 81-86

Kendall, Hannah 4

Kenosha, Wis 112

Kent, David 209

Kimball, Benjamin 23

Frederick 23

J. H 118

Jonathan 23

Kirkendall, 154

Knight, Jonathan C. L 99, 104, 186, 221

Ladd, Betsey G 16, 24, 34

James 14, 16, 17, 21-25, 31, 33

Mary L 17, 34

Lake District 25, 35, 37, 40

Lake Settlement 27, 28, 42-44

Lake Town, Wis 138

Lamb, Josiah 68

Lancaster, N. H 104, 108, 177, 216, 222, 250

Law, 136, 153, 157

Leach's Stream 201

Lennoxville, Canada 109

Lexington, Mass 4, 5, 7

Liberty, N. H 8, 14, 16, 17, 22, 24, 25, 32

Lindsey, Isaac 92

Lisbon, N. H 11, 13, 22-24

Lisbon, Wis 118, 120

Little Muskego Lake 114

iXDEX 263

London, England 3

Loomis, General 107

Horace 94, 215, 216

Low, Joseph 96, 97, 102, 107, 109

110, 175, 188, 190, 193, 196

Lyford, Sylvester 19

Lyman, Noah 17

Lynn, Mass , 3, 4

Lynn Village (Wakefield), Mass 3

McCleary, 135

McConnel], John 68, 80, 215

McDuffee, John 18

McKenzie, 1 187

McKinnon, Alexander James 236, 245

McKowan, Edward 137

John 147

McShane, Mike 134

Madison, Wis 132, 161

Magalloway River 169, 190-192, 194-197

Magone, 120

Mahurin, Ephraim H. . . 105, 183, 187, 188, 190, 193
196, 223, 227, 228, 233-235, 241, 248, 250

Maidstone, Vt 7

Martin, 141, 144-146, 154

Leonard 122

Stillman 68

Mendon, Mass 7

Metcalf, Ralph 109, 175

Mills, 140, 142, 145

Milwaukee, Wis 113, 115, 118, 122, 123, 131, 134

136, 137, 139, 141, 150, 151, 153, 155-157

Miner, : 125

Mitchell, David 25, 36, 48, 55, 56, 68-86

John A 36, 48-50, 55, 68, 70-86

264 INDEX

Mooney, James 103, 107, 108, 110, 182, 184

186, 187, 222, 236, 238, 245

Moore, 214

Morous, ^ 141-145, 147, 149, 157

Morrison, William 31, 33

Muckey, 132, 146

Muckwanago, Wis 118, 132, 144

Muskego, Wis 3, 113-117, 119, 123

125-128, 136, 143, 144, 148, 161
Myers, Mary 135

New Ipswich, N. H 6, 115, 127

Newbury, Vt 13, 17, 25

Nichols, Hepzibah 5

Herman 181

Polly 6

Nicholson, John B 152, 153, 156

Oak Creek, Wis 127, 156

Osborne, Lydia 16, 17, 24

Samuel 14, 16, 17, 21-23, 27, 31, 45, 46, 68

Pachal, 134

Parker, Abigail 4, 5

Alletta (French) 43, 44, 98, 104

108, 112, 113, 126, 128

Amanda Melvina 107, 114, 115

Amy 4

Asa 5, 6, 44, 45, 97, 104, 105, 108, 113

114, 123, 125, 135-137, 147, 156, 158, 233

Baxter 134-136

Benjamin 5

Caleb 41, 46

Charles Durham 7, 43, 97, 116, 117, 126, 127

131, 132, 136-139, 144, 147, 149-155, 160, 161

INDEX 265

Parker, David 4

Ebenezer 6

Edwin 6, 43

Elislia 5

Elizabeth 5

Ellen Augusta 44, 114, 117, 126, 128, 131

Hananiah 4, 5

Hannah 4

Hepzibah 5

John ... 4, 5, 7, 26, 40, 41, 226, 229, 232, 246, 247

Jonathan 4

Joseph 4, 5

Joshua .' 3, 5, 6, 25, 27, 40-44

Joshua, Jr 40-44

Kendall 4

Levi 5

Lillie 5

Lincoln H 7

Loa 5

Lucinda 6

Lucy 5

Luther 3-7, 26, 40-46, 48, 49, 55, 56

68-74, 80, 97-100, 103-105, 107, 110
112-116, 118-121, 123-126, 128, 131
184-186, 207, 233, 234, 244, 246, 249

Lydia 5

Martha 4

]Mary 4

Mary S 128

Nathan 41

Nathaniel 4, 41

Persis Euseba .... 43, 114, 117, 126, 128, 131, 134
136-138, 141, 143, 144, 147, 148, 150-157

Phoebe 5

Polly Taylor 3

266 INDEX

Parker, Rebecca 4,5

Sarah 4, 5

Simeon 5

Stephen 41

Stephen, Jr 41

Sumner 161

Theodore 4, 7

Thomas 3-5, 7, 41

Wilham 5

Parmelee, Josiah 235, 236, 243, 244, 249

Parmelee & Joy . . 105-107, 172, 208, 213, 222, 224, 225
228, 230, 231, 233, 234, 237, 245, 247

Parsons, Hezekiah * 217, 218

John 26

Peck, 132, 154

H 134

Henry 153

W. D 139

Perkins, Nathaniel 13, 14, 23, 24, 31-35

68, 69, 75-78, 81-86, 213, 215

Nathaniel, Jr 75

Perry, John H 68

Nathan J. . . . , 68

Perry Stream 98, 108, 192

Philip (Indian) 11, 12, 20, 35, 53, 185, 188

Piermont, N. H 16

Pike River, Wis 112

Piper, Thomas 105, 233

Pittsburg, N. H 8, 19, 29, 46, 111

Pleasant Prairie, Wis 112-114

Pleasant Valley, Wis 117

Plumley, Abigail 23

Alexander 16, 22

Eunice 23

John 16, 22, 24

INDEX 267

Polly, Bethia 4

Pomroy, Benjamin 187

Post, 131, 134, 154

Michael 145, 148

William 133

Prairieville, Wis 118, 120, 121, 124

Pratt, A. F 121, 123

Samuel 6

Prescott, Josiah 86

Price, 133

Prospect, Lower Canada 22

Prouty, 227, 228

Punchard, John 23

Putnam, Doctor 147

Quimby, Richard 23, 26

William 13, 14, 23, 24, 31, 33

Racine, Wis 120, 138, 141

Randall, Alexander W 121, 122

Rea, Alexander. .54,96, 103-107, 180, 181, 183, 184, 186
187, 205-215, 222, 224, 225, 227-232, 235-250

Redding, Mass 7

Redding (Wakefield), Mass 3-6

Reed, Curtis 118, 122

Remington, 132

Reymert, 146, 147

Reynolds, 134, 141, 146, 147

Sarah 148

Richardson, William M 95

River Falls, Wis 117

Robie, John 68

John, Jr 75

Rockwell, John S 122

Roe, 151

268 INDEX

Rogers, Daniel 17, 25, 68

Deborah 92

Josiah 25

Root, 132

Rowe, John * 12, 13, 22-24, 31, 32

Rowell, David S 27, 79-81

Enos 26, 79, 81

Sampson 26, 49, 68

Russell, Obed 153

St. Francis, Canada 180, 184, 214

St. Francis River 189, 192, 197-199, 204

St. Johnsbury, Vt '...'. 16, 23, 25

St. Lawrence River 52, 168, 194, 196, 197, 212

Saltonstall, Sir Richard 3

Sanborn, Peter 6

Sawyer, Elijah C 46, 48, 49, 68

Reuben, 26, 36, 48, 49, 68, 75, 79, 102

Saylesville, Wis 144

Second Connecticut Lake 190, 194, 198, 201, 202

Selleck, 132-134, 139

Sexton, ...... 131, 134, 135, 137, 138, 144, 150

Ben ... 138

Harriet 156

Jared 138, 152, 156

Mary 135, 138, 151, 152

Mrs. T 136

WiUiam 157

Sherbrooke, Canada 99, 186, 233, 239, 240, 248

Shields, 138

H. 136

Short, Edward 187

Showerman, Ellen Parker 161

Hiram 161

Shrewsbury, Mass 41

INDEX 269

Sibley, South wood 25, 27

Skinner, Edwin 136

Smart, 21, 203

Richard 250

Smith, 135, 137, 141, 142, 144, 150, 157

Damon 26

David 25, 88, 204, 227

F 136

Jesse 122

Nathan L 17

Sarah 146

WilHam K 16, 34

WilhamM. . . 102-104, 106, 171-173, 180, 208, 220
222-224, 229, 232, 234, 235, 237, 239, 242, 245

Snow, Nathaniel 27, 37, 68

South Redding (Wakefield), Mass 3

Southampton, Mass 17

Southworth, 138

Ann 135

Angelina Flora 117

Caroline 135

Spencer, Benjamin 17

Hobart 11-13, 21

Joseph 13

Sprague, 133

Steele, 137, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147

Thomas 118

Sterling, John W 126

Stewartstown, N. H 16, 17, 24, 28, 52, 100

103, 104, 107, 110, 180, 185, 187, 198
209-212, 220, 233, 236, 238, 241, 242

Stoneham, Mass 6, 115

Straits (The) 32

Stratfoid, N. H 6, 7, 17, 41, 42, 115

Strong, M, M 120

270 INDEX

Stukeley, Lower Canada 41

Sucker Brook 26

Sullivan, Hannah 131, 139

Summit, Wis 118, 124

Tabor, Elisha P. 25, 75, 79-86

Jeremiah 17, 25, 27, 35, 68, 75

79, 80, 89-91, 103, 214

Paul 25

Thomas 17, 25

Taylor, Anson H 114

Mary E 144

Mrs. Thomas 158

Polly 6

Temple, Jonathan 5

Temple, N. H 3, 6, 25, 26, 40, 42, 43, 112, 115

Tess Corners, Wis 113, 116, 117, 126

Tew, 161

Thayer, Levi 27, 45

Zebedee 27, 43, 44

Third Connecticut Lake 194, 196, 198

Thomas, W. H 118, 120

Three Rivers, Lower Canada 25

Thurston, 98

MeHssa 219, 220

Moses 25, 80, 81

Sampson 68

Tillotson, John M 18, 31, 33, 34

Tirrell, Ehsha A 106, 229, 230

Gideon 107, 111, 207, 208, 242

Topsham, Vt 13

Treadway, James 12-14, 33

Troy, N. Y 113

True, 138

Turk, Doctor 198-202, 205

INDEX

271

Turner, 1^1

Abraham 14

James ^4

Tuttle, Horatio 105, 228, 233, 234, 241

Tyler, 104, 221

Amos 26, 27, 91

David 14, 16, 17, 22-27, 30, 32, 68

Jesse 17, 23, 24

John H 27, 68, 103-106, 171-174, 180, 208

220-224, 229, 232, 234-237, 239, 242-247
Nathaniel 17

Vallier, 131, 132, 138, 156

Van Deren, 152, 154, 157

Van Vlick, H 118

Vanderwalker, 141, 150

Maria 141, 146, 150

Veeder, 153

Vernon, Wis 137, 138, 149

Wakefield, Mass 3, 4

Wales, Nathaniel 11-14, 18, 20, 21, 23, 31, 205

Wales's Location, N. H 11, 18

Warner, Dan 155

Washburn, Oliver 104, 226, 227

Waterford, Vt 13, 14, 16, 17, 23, 26

Waterford, Wis 135, 139

Watson, James Y 121, 122

Watts, Joseph 79, 81

Waukesha, Wis.. .118, 125, 126, 133, 141, 144, 148, 161

Webster, 149, 153

Weeks, Samuel, Jr 105, 228, 233

Weir, 144

Welch, 157

Weston, Joseph 200

272 INDEX

Whitcomb, 150

Major 10, 202

White, John H 94, 95, 103, 104, 109

220-222, 238, 240, 250

Russell 79, 81

William 79, 81, 89-91

Whitehall, N. Y 113

Wicks, 144

Willard, EKzabeth ^ 41

Levi 203, 205, 206

Phineas 27, 40, 41, 49, 51, 55, 56, 68-80

Samuel 41

Willson, Francis 217

Wise, W. H 141

William 156

Wiswall, Joseph 104, 111, 226, 242, 246, 248

Joseph P 105, 107, 187, 226-228, 234, 235, 247

Wright, Simeon 25, 49, 68, 75

Wells 68

Young, Bernard 105-107, 181, 184, 187

213, 227, 230, 232

Ira . 107, 190, 193, 196, 197, 203

216, 218, 220, 224, 237, 240 250

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